Structural Transformation

La motivation de ce mémoire est de répondre aux questions suivantes : Quelle est la trajectoire de la transformation structurelle qu’a connu le Maroc ? et quelles sont les forces économiques qui ont mené à telle trajectoire ? Pour ce faire, nous avons mobilisé une revue de littérature théorique et empirique afin d’éclaircir les soubassements de nos questions, ainsi que des faits stylisés pour clarifier le champ de recherche. Les résultats retenus de la décomposition de la productivité du travail montrent que le processus de la transformation structurelle du Maroc durant la période 1991-2018 demeure lent caractérisé par la désindustrialisation prématurée et n'enregistre pas des gains dynamiques significatifs. Alors que les résultats de la deuxième approche de Chenery, Shishido et Watanabe (1962) effectuée sur la période 1998-2018 confirment ces conclusions et montrent que la déviation par rapport à la croissance proportionnelle au Maroc demeure négative et non significative et ne permettant pas le déclenchement du processus. Également, l'effet du commerce extérieur semble affecter le plus cette déviation alors que l'effet de l'offre et de la demande domestique, malgré leur valeur positive, ils ne compensent pas les pertes enregistrées par le commerce extérieur.

Özet Sıklıkla küreselleşme olarak adlandırılan günümüz kapitalist dünyasında hızlı teknolojik gelişmelerin ivmelendirdiği köklü değişimler gerçekleşmektedir. Bu dönemin temel özelliği, yatırım ve istihdam sağlayıcı sanayi sermayesi yerine, 'monetarizm' 1 ya da 'paratokrasi' olarak adlandırılan " paradan para kazanma " biçimindeki akışkan bir sermaye birikim sürecinin ve bu süreçle bağlantılı ve uyumlu düzenlemelerin egemen olmasıdır. Ülkelerin aldığı politik kararlar sermayeye dünyanın tüm mekânlarını kullanabilme ve dönüştürebilme gücü ve imkânı sağlamaktadır. Bu süreçte tüm kentler için belli dönüşümler sözkonusu olsa da, bazı kentler dünyadaki sermayenin çekim alanı haline gelmesi yönünde öne çıkartılarak " küresel kent " olma yolunda daha fazla dönüş(türül)mektedir. Özellikle de finans için çekim alanı olması planlanan kentlerin belli bölgeleri tüketimin önem kazandığı " büyülü " mekânlara dönüştürülmektedir. Bu dönüşüm süreci, kimi zaman eski kentsel dokunun bozulması, kimi zaman da yok edilmesi üzerinden gerçekleştirilirken kentsel eşitsizlikleri derinleştirmektedir. Bu makalede " küresel kent " olma iddiası başta olmak üzere İstanbul'u dönüştürmenin gerekçeleri irdelenmeye ve bu dönüştürmenin farklı sınıflara, özellikle de emekçi ve yoksul kesimlere etkileri sosyolojik bir bakışla incelenmeye çalışılmaktadır.

Many countries have undergone the process of structural transformation, leaving rural areas together with the agricultural sector underdeveloped with poor infrastructure, lack of information and new digital skills. However, the process of digital transformation and the application of new digital technologies represent an opportunity for the development of rural areas. Although developed countries have gone through the process of deindustrialization, in less developed countries the agricultural sector is still a vital sector because it produces food which is one of the basic human needs. Food security and the eradication of hunger are a part of global Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations (UN). Digital innovation and technologies can be a part of the solution to achieve these goals. Sustainable development is a holistic concept and focuses on reconciling social justice, environmental integrity and well-being of living beings. The goal is to create ecologically and socially rightful world by means available from nature, without compromising the conditions and opportunities of future generations. Sustainable development is a global objective and should be integrated in all development policies and strategies. Development and application of digital technologies for the purpose of developing new services and new ways of providing services, improving communication, business development and trade represent an opportunity, but also a challenge to achieve sustainable development. A prerequisite for benefiting from the application of digital technologies is the construction of digital infrastructure, strengthening digital skills and reducing the costs of using the Internet and new technologies. What is more, digital technologies can be a platform for supporting entrepreneurship in rural areas, not only in agriculture but also in other sectors, enabling the adaptation of production, management and organization processes; access to new markets; improved access to information, thus strengthening competitiveness. In addition to the agricultural sector, digital technologies are essential for making rural communities more attractive, accessible, smarter and sustainable destinations, reducing remoteness problems and improving access to services and their quality. The development of rural tourism has an important role and is considered as one of the drivers of rural development. In developing countries, and especially in rural areas, poor technology infrastructure, high technology costs, low levels of e-literacy and digital skills, weak regulatory framework and limited access to services contribute to the stagnation of the digitalization process. Therefore, bearing in mind all the opportunities offered by the digital economy, it is crucial to address these challenges and adapt existing as well as to develop new modes of governance and the legislative framework to ensure transparent and efficient performance of individuals and the economy. Without the appropriate policies and incentives, rural areas will not be able to make optimal use of the opportunities brought by new technological revolution, which could further increase inequalities within and between countries. A prerequisite for the success in the new digital economy is access to infrastructure and skills that enable the use of digital services. The digitalization of all sectors consists of important technical aspects, but it is primarily a social and political phenomenon, and is specific to each country and its economic and political environment. The aim of this paper is to consider the possibilities of achieving sustainable rural development in the conditions of digitalization. In a systematic way, this paper analyzes the importance of sustainable development, places it within the conditions of digitalization that characterizes the modern global economy and examines the opportunities and challenges of achieving rural development in the digital economy. The purpose of the paper is to draw conclusions about the key factors and drivers of sustainable rural development in the digital economy.