Phoenicians

State authorities in antiquity and even now, who aspire to dominate
foreign enemies and their own people, work through intimidation,
including the threats of killing, torture, mutilation, execution,
incarceration, and forced labour. The book reviewed in this article
provides a detailed overview of the abovementioned methods in
Egypt during the New Kingdom. The sources are texts in tombs,
papyri, temple walls, and displays of war scenes in relief with the
king as the foremost of the victorious warriors. Another theme in
the book is how to deal with evildoers. The illustrations depicted in
the netherworld guidebooks in the Royal Tombs of the New Kingdom
may provide some insight into this subject. A different presentation
of the osteological evidence, obtained in Egypt and Nubia,
however, would have improved coherence with the abovementioned
sources.

https://maef.eu/events/xxxiv-jornadas-de-arqueologia-fenicio-punica-una-panoramica-sobre-los-yacimientos-fenicio-punics-patrimonio-mundial/
Vuelven las Jornadas de Arqueología Fenicio-púnica al MAEF para acercar la investigación a la ciudadanía y fomentar el conocimiento científico de esta civilización milenaria.
El tema escogido para la edición de este año, la 34ª, gira alrededor de los bienes patrimoniales fenicio-púnicos que hayan sido declarados Patrimonio Mundial por la UNESCO.
Entrada gratuita.
Sin reserva previa, con aforo limitado a la capacidad de la sala.
Del 18 al 22 de noviembre, en el Museo Monográfico Puig des Molins (vía Romana, 31, Eivissa).

The publication of a Proto-Canaanite inscription from Eilat Mazar’s excavations at the Ophel has stimulated much interest in research but also controversy regarding its date. In this article, I discuss the emergence of neckless pithoi with outfolded rim in Israel, Judah and Philistia while considering the changes that were introduced in the relative and absolute chronology of Iron Age Judah and nearby regions. My objective is to trace the earliest appearance of this pithos type systematically and consequently to estimate whether the various dates suggested for the Ophel pithos inscription fit the evidence from the field. A detailed review of the archaeological data indicates that setting the beginning of the production of the neckless pithoi in the late 10 th or even the early 9 th century BCE is a bit too high. In contrast, dating their earliest examples, including the inscribed piece, to the second half of the 9 th century BCE is reasonable and may suggest that some second millennium BCE cultural traditions survived longer than expected in Iron Age IIA Jerusalem.

This is an Hebrew version of Kleiman, A. 2021. The Date of the Ophel Pithos Inscription. An Archaeological Perspective. Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins 137: 167–179.

The first scientific, astronomy-based chronological table of ancient Egypt, from 2985 B.C. The compilation of Zoltan Andrew Simon, November 4, 2024. The numbers in italics in the last column refer to retro-calculations from A.D. 139 (JD 1772028). Otherwise, before an unknown year of Merenptah, all calculations start from JD 652901 (July 19, 2926 B.C.) shown as I Akhet 1 on the ivory tablet of King Djer. The abbreviations ‘L.D.’ stand for Lunar Day.
From a hypothetical starting point in 3261 B.C., using Africanus’ figures (263 and 302 years) for the first two dynasties, we get 2696 B.C. for the 3rd Dynasty’s beginning, then 400 years to the end of the 6th Dynasty, a total of 955 years recorded in the Turin Canon. Our Dynasties 3 to 6 inclusive cover a rounded 400 years, from 2696 to 2296 BC, supposing that Africanus, Manetho, and the Turin King List utilized information from the same ultimate source. Many historians stretch that interval covering four dynasties to five centuries.
A comprehensive paper of the author is upcoming, possibly entitled “Scholarly versus scientific methodology in ancient history and Egyptology from 2985 B.C.” It would explain most of the results of this preliminary chronological table on an academic level.

La mezcla de datos histórico-geográficos con datos racionalizados a partir de tradiciones míticas de raigambre poética es un fenómeno propio de la geografía antigua, donde la porosidad de la frontera entre poesía y prosa es notoria. Dichos transvases, para nada unidireccionales, han creado un corpus caracterizado por la presencia de elementos mitopoéticos «disfrazados» de datos histórico-geográficos. Estudiaremos dos tradiciones extremo-occidentales: el Décimo Trabajo de Heracles y las Columnas que la tradición relaciona con este héroe.

La búsqueda griega sobre su pasado, con la mirada puesta fija en configurar un anclaje que propiciara una identificación colectiva fue, principalmente, un proceso imaginado y mítico. Bien en forma de migraciones o de míticos vínculos, se estableció en el imaginario comunitario un aspecto exógeno y externo, aunque siempre dentro del contexto geográfico helénico. En este trabajo se tratará de mostrar cómo una estructuración genealógica, a la manera de las familias míticas, sirvió de fundamento para evidenciar las identidades de buena parte de las comunidades helenas, que incluirían poblaciones al principio consideradas bárbaras. Palabras clave: genealogía, mito, etnicidad, exógeno.

2 Maccabees 1:10–2:18 ascribes authority to Nehemiah for the reinstatement of pure and acceptable worship in the Second Temple, including an extensive comparison between Nehemiah, Jeremiah and Solomon. This concern for the sanctity of the temple and presentation of Nehemiah’s role therein responds to the ever-shifting political circumstances characterizing Jerusalem and the diasporic community in the second century BCE. There are important correlations between the portrayal of Nehemiah in 2 Macc 1:10–2:18 and in several of the latest compositional changes preserved in MT Ezra-Nehemiah. My analysis of these correlations provides a framework for interpreting these compositional changes, supporting recent conclusions regarding the pro-Hasmonean character of MT Ezra-Nehemiah. Moreover, it provides insight into the rationale behind the combination of the originally separate Ezra and Nehemiah traditions. Inasmuch as the pro-Hasmonean tradents viewed Nehemiah as a compelling historical antecedent to Judas Maccabee, they also considered Ezra’s Aaronic priestly authority to be an antecedent to their own claims. By fashioning a narrative in which an Aaronic priest confirms the legitimacy of Nehemiah’s reforms through communal celebration of the Festival of Booths, the pro-Hasmonean tradents bolster their own political and religious claims to authority while further establishing the Festival of Booths as a compelling symbol for Hanukkah (2 Macc 10:1–6).

The progress made in the study of the material culture of the Ionian-Adriatic basin now allows a comprehensive overview of the presence and distribution of transport vessels. With regard to Eastern and Pontic amphora production, within this wide chronological range from the Archaic to the Early Roman period, there is interesting evidence from different types of contexts, both terrestrial and, above all, underwater, also thanks to the new frontier of deep-sea archaeology and the holistic approach of 'seascapes' archaeology.
Firstly, the data was re-examined and organised into a database in QGIS, containing information ranging from specific ceramic details to contextual information. Then, new methods borrowed from Social Network Analysis were applied, using software capable of processing the collected data and generating graphs to visualise aspects related to long-distance trade and distribution within the geographical sector under study.

The reconstruction of infant biological history and mortality profiles provides biocultural insights into adulthood morbidity, maternal
health,  parental  caregiving  practices,  and  social  dynamics.  However,  interpreting  biological  data  from  cremated  infant  remains  in
archaeological contexts can be challenging due to their often poor preservation and potential biases. Tophets, sanctuaries for distinct
burial of cremated infant remains present in several Phoenician-Punic colonies in the Mediterranean area, offer an ideal case study.
This study presents the first virtual histology performed in X-ray Microscopy-based imaging (XRM) on a sample of crowns of cremated
deciduous teeth from the Tophet of Motya (Sicily, 6 th  century BC). The observation of the Neonatal Line (NL) in enamel tissue offers
important informations on the community demographic profile, age-at-death classes and life-histories of the buried individuals. Results
are consistent with previous studies on other human remains found in the main Tophets in Mediterranean basin and highlight the
importance of using non-invasive techniques to collect and analyse data that are useful for the interpretation of newborns and infants
burial practices.

En este trabajo me propongo defender la historia de la filosofía romana como especialidad propia dentro de la historia de la filosofía antigua y su inserción en un proyecto más amplio, multidisciplinar, dirigido al estudio de la historia intelectual de Roma. Para ello, analizaré los obstáculos que han hallado estos estudios en el pasado y formularé una línea de investigación que considero adecuada para salvarlos en el futuro.

El nombre de la ciudad de Sevilla tiene un origen incierto. Se documenta ya en latín desde el s. I a. C. como Hispal(is), pero es evidente que no fueron los romanos quienes dieron nombre a la urbe, cuya fundación es muy anterior a la presencia itálica en el Valle del Guadalquivir y se remonta, al menos, a la Primera Edad de Hierro (s. VIII-VI a. C.). A partir de la adaptación latina y tras distintas evoluciones en época visigótica y árabe, Sevilla –también escrito Sebilla– se documenta como tal en época medieval desde el s. XIII. Con res-
pecto al origen del nombre, más allá de su interpretación latina por san Isidoro y de la etimología popular que lo ponía en relación con Hispania y con un héroe legendario llamado Hispalo, se suele entender que se trata de un topónimo fenicio, sin que se pueda descartar la hipótesis de un topónimo indígena.

The existence of Israel is based on God’s promise of a homeland for the Jewish people. This study sets a scene for a better chance for peace and does not depend on mass migration. It acknowledges Israeli and Palestinian states and makes both more defensible and workable. It outlines the borders of the Holy Land based on Scripture using geography and mathematics.
The work does not require the reader to believe in Scripture, but works on the premise that it is correct and valid whether literal, metaphorical or both.
That being the case, prophecy within Scripture is also valid, and has happened, is happening, or will, happen. It follows that God’s plan for a homeland for the Jewish people, a Holy Land revealed in prophecy, will eventually be forged in the way God intended. The study asks if this is to happen, why not plan for it in a peaceful way?

Part one discusses God’s promise of a homeland for the Jewish people, the Scripture supporting it and its borders.
Part two looks at Scripture and living in harmony with others.
Part three discusses how bringing the borders into line with Scripture as they were intended, can be a pathway to meaningful and lasting peace.

The Jewish Study Bible JBS2, 2014) has been quoted throughout, though caution dictates that the Bible in Hebrew and the Qur’an in Arabic may not always translate well into English. As a consequence, several Bibles have been used for cross-referencing at critical points.

This small e-book contains one of the texts found on the walls of the tomb of Ahmose, Son of Abana (a name sometimes transliterated into English as Ebana or Ibana). This singular ancient Egyptian composition is known to us today as The Autobiography of Ahmose, Son of Abana. It is a short, but vivid account of the liberation and reunification of Egypt that took place during his lifetime, and is one of the few surviving descriptions of the event better known today as the Exodus as seen from the native Egyptian point of view.

PAVL. NOL. epist. 25 is an exhortation to the soldier Crispinianus to convert to Christianity. Given Crispinianus’ occupation, Paulinus uses the metaphoric value of the Roman military service to persuade him. As a result, Paulinus’ letter is but a symbolisation of the military world as experienced by the Romans. In doing so, Paulinus spiritualises military service by rethinking it as an unconditional commitment to Christ. Crispinianus' conversion, therefore, seems much more feasible, implying a change of lord rather than lifestyle for salvation.
  Consequently, this paper aims to pinpoint how Paulinus reconceptualises the everyday image of the Roman soldier as the symbol of the believer fighting for Christ. To this end, I will first explore both the classical and biblical roots Paulinus’ metaphorisation of military service relies upon. I will then situate Paulinus’ miles Christi within the Christian tradition, highlighting both similarities and differences in the use of the image, esp. when compared to sarcophagi and authors such as Tertullian, Cyprian, or Ambrose. In parallel, I will show how other types of images (e.g. economic metaphors) also contribute to the definition of Paulinus’ miles Christi. Finally, since the image itself implies a change in the hierarchy of power and allows room for anti-war claims, I will examine the role of the miles Christi in Paulinus’ thinking. Thus, I hope to demonstrate how the image was already Christianised at the beginning of the 5th century AD and became part of a widespread cultural framework, or rather a collective imagery, for Christian writers.

La recherche sur la mobilité des personnes durant l’Antiquité et notamment celle des Puniques et des Carthaginois est loin d’être nouvelle. Elle a cependant souvent été traitée à travers les seules sources textuelles. Cette contribution se propose d’aborder la question de la présence carthaginoise en Égée à travers une approche fondée sur le croisement des sources archéologiques et épigraphiques. Un accent particulier sera mis sur le potentiel des témoignages amphorologiques

Resumen: En este artículo se estudian una serie de fragmentos arquitectónicos decorados con relieve de época ibérica procedentes
de Cástulo (Linares, Jaén). Algunos se han restituido tradicionalmente como pertenecientes a un naiskós o edificio religioso
de raigambre púnica. El hallazgo de nuevos fragmentos tipológicamente vinculables y el empleo de la fotogrametría y modelado
3D nos llevan a plantear una nueva restitución. Proponemos que no se trata de un naiskós, sino de uno o varios monumentos
turriformes ibéricos de clara raigambre púnica, como ilustra su forma de nefesh y la incorporación de falsos vanos o de capiteles
eólicos en sus fachadas. Estos sillares y su monumento –o monumentos– suponen un nuevo testimonio sobre la arquitectura de
tradición púnica en el territorio de Cástulo, quizá motivada por la llegada de artesanos cartagineses a la Alta Andalucía desde
mediados del siglo IV a. C.

Dating from the fifth century bce, two Phoenician anthropoid sarcophagi, a male and a female, found in Gadir (Cadiz, Spain), are so far the most ancient marble sculptures found in the Iberian Peninsula. The identification of the source of the marble used to produce them has been a subject of controversy for several decades and has recently resurfaced when it was published that they were made by Phoenician artisans using Iberian marble from Macael. This identification is not only unreasonable from an archaeological point of view but also unsupported by any analytical data. On the contrary, as the sarcophagi belong to an Eastern Mediterranean Sidonian production, their raw material is most likely to be Greek–Minor Asian in origin. In order to shed a light on this dispute and objectively resolve the provenance of the marble, a multi‐method analytical approach was carried out. Optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence analyses, and C and O stable isotopes clarify the provenance of the mar...

בשנים האחרונות עדויות ארכיאולוגיות מגוונות
מצביעות על כך שהתפתחות התרבות הפלשתית
הייתה מורכבת ורבת פנים. מגוון ממצאים מעידים
שהאוכלוסייה בפלשת בראשית תקופת הברזל לא
הייתה בעלת מקור אחיד מאזור הים האיגאי, אלא
הייתה מורכבת, ככל הנראה, מקבוצות מגוונות
ממקורות שונים, מרחבי מזרח אגן הים התיכון.
מגוון ההשפעות התרבותיות הניכרות בתרבות
החומרית הפלשתית, לא רק מתרבויות הים האיגאי, הוא סממן
ברור לעניין. בהרצאה זו, אתמקד בממצאים שונים
מהתחום הפולחני והקבורה בתל צפית/גת מראשית
א(, ובמה ניתן ללמוד II וברזל I תקופת הברזל )ברזל
מכך על מקורותיה ועל רב־גוניותה של התרבות
הפלשתית.

In Sir Alan H. Gardiner's own words: "No single inscription has been discovered in the course of the past ten years more important than the writing-board recording a defeat of the Hyksos by the Theban king Kamose, which was found by Lord CARNARVON in 1908. (...)"

This small e-book consists in a digitized version of Sir Alan H. Gardiner's translation into English of the First Kamose Stela, as presented to the world in his journal article 'The Defeat of the Hyksos by Kamose' in 1916, as well as other carefully selected excerpts from that same article. The reader may rest assured that these excerpts, when taken as a whole, represent the gist of Sir Gardiner's most important findings and assessments regarding this ancient Egyptian stela.

Examples of other interesting statements made by Sir Gardiner in the same journal article:

"(...) if we compare it with the so-called 'Tale of Apepy and Seqenenre' (...), we find some points which lend colour to the old theory that this (...) is a copy of an earlier historical document, and not simply a popular romance."

"(...). It is therefore quite unreasonable, without cogent grounds, to doubt the evidence of Manetho, which, as Dr GRENFELL points out to me, is quite explicit. (...)"

בחפירה שבוצעה לאחרונה על ידי רשות העתיקות בחורבת מארבים הסמוכה לרהט, התגלו שרידים של בית יוצר שיועד בעיקר לקנקני שק. המאמר הנוכחי עוסק בפרשנות למהותו של אחד המבנים שנמצאו, שלביו ותפקודו בתוך שרשרת יצור הקרמיקה, תוך הקבלה למערכות ייצור מאותה תקופה, ואיבחון של תקלות היצור בו. המורפולוגיה של שפיות הקנקנים, שמוצאה כפי הנראה מן החוף ומן ההר, מרמזת על יבוא של מסורת קדרות מאותם איזורים, והפצה של קנקנים מבית היוצר הדומים לדגמים אלו.

באחד ממכלולי הצור ממוצא נמצאה עדות ויזואלית לטכנולוגיית חימום צור. ניתוח מעמיק של פריטי צור מהשכבה הארכיאולוגית המתוארכת לתקופה הניאוליתית הקראמית המאוחרת מעיד על שימוש אינטנסיבי בחימום צור באתר. מהתצפיות עולה שעיקר החימום יועד לטיפול בחלוקים ובגרעינים עבור הפקת להבונים. מסקנות אלה מבוססות על פרוטוקול העוסק בזיהוי של מאפיינים חיצוניים בצור שחומם. שיטה זו מאפשרת  את זיהויה של תופעת חימום הצור באתר וכמו כן את עיתוי פעולת החימום בין שלבי הסיתות. ניתוח זה מאפשר הסתכלות בזווית אחרת על ניתוח מכלולי צור במוצא ובאתרים פרהיסטוריים אחרים ומשפר את ההבנה של תהליכים התנהגותיים אשר התרחשו באתר בימי קדם.

Article presents the results of rescue excavations conducted by the authors on behalf of the Antiquities Authority on the northwestern outskirts of the Roman city of Paneas (Caesarea Philippi). The excavations exposed part of a suburban cemetery dated to the Roman period, with several sealed tombs found empty of any archaeological or osteological remains. Two peculiar square stone-built burial structures were exposed in the immediate vicinity and were identified as monumental tombs. Whereas one of the monuments was discovered empty, the other contained a large cooking pot with cremated human remains. The characteristics of these monuments, previously unattested in the archaeological record of Israel, seem to be inspired by the funerary architecture of the Palmyrene region typified by its well-known “tower-tomb” structures.