North America

L’arrivée d’artistes formés en Europe, l’émergence d’autodidactes locaux, l’existence de lieux et paysages originaux ont permis à la peinture de se développer rapidement en Amérique du Nord. Certains artistes se sont consacrés à des « vues » de lieux bien définis. Ils devaient les représenter avec fidélité, se permettant au plus quelques embellissements. Les aquarellistes voyageurs et amateurs, comme George Heriot, ont ainsi laissé des œuvres délicates et de grande beauté. Des femmes éduquées, comme la baronne Hyde de Neuville, s’exerçaient avec talent au dessin et à l’aquarelle, devant les scènes offertes par leur vie personnelle.

D’autres artistes, plus ambitieux, devenus professionnels, travaillant au chevalet, considéraient les paysages comme des objets naturels méritant l’exactitude mais pouvant aussi être transformés ou chargés d’un sens dépassant celui de la simple perception visuelle. Sur ces nouveaux principes, Thomas Cole a fondé la Hudson School of Painting. Une floraison de peintres renommés a suivi ce premier maître d’un art du paysage authentiquement américain. Avec George Catlin et Karl Bodmer, le travail de l’artiste s’apparente à un reportage. Tout est représenté, lieux, paysages, personnages, événements.

Le grand artiste naturaliste John James Audubon, contemporain de Thomas Cole, abordait la représentation des lieux et paysages comme de simples décors à ses portraits d’oiseaux. Sa vie donne au livre la trame d’un parcours à travers l’art américain, dans la première moitié du 19ème siècle et sur l’ensemble des régions formant alors les États-Unis et le Canada, de la Floride au Sud jusqu’au Québec et l’embouchure du Saint Laurent au Nord.

Multicultural professional psychologists routinely assert that psychotherapeutic interventions require culturally competent delivery for ethnoracial minority clients to protect the distinctive cultural orientations of these clients. Dominant disciplinary conceptualizations of cultural competence are "kind of person" models that emphasize specialized awareness, knowledge, and skills on the part of the practitioner. Even within psychology, this approach to cultural competence is controversial owing to professional misgivings concerning its culturally essentialist assumptions. Unfortunately, alternative "process-oriented" models of cultural competence emphasize such generic aspects of therapeutic interaction that they remain in danger of losing sight of culture altogether. Thus, for cultural competence to persist as a meaningful construct, an alternative approach that avoids both essentialism and generalism must be recovered. One means to capture this alternative is...

Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) has, in recent decades, been isolated from an increasing number of free-living marine fish species. So far, it has been isolated from at least 48 fish species from the northern hemisphere, including North America, Asia and Europe, and fifteen different species including herring, sprat, cod, Norway pout and flatfish from northern European waters. The high number of VHSV isolations from the Baltic Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak, the North Sea and waters around Scotland indicate that the virus is endemic in these waters. The VHSV isolates originating from wild marine fish show no to low pathogenicity to rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, although several are pathogenic for turbot. Marine VHSV isolates are so far serologically indistinguishable from freshwater isolates. Genotyping based on VHSV G- and N-genes reveals four groups indicating the geographical origin of the isolates, with one group representing traditional European freshwater isolates and isolates of north European marine origin, a second group of marine isolates from the Baltic Sea, a third group of isolates from the North Sea, and a group representing North American isolates. Examples of possible transfer of virus from free-living marine fish to farmed fish are discussed, as are measures to prevent introduction of VHSV from the marine environment to aquaculture.

During the last glacial-interglacial cycle, northern hemispheric (NH) ice-sheets experienced dramatic changes in radiative forcing, due to orbitally-driven insolation changes and varying greenhouse gas concentrations. This direct forcing caused temperature changes and eventually ablation anomalies. Orbital-scale variations in the atmospheric circulation caused anomalies in temperature advection and precipitation/snowfall that also strongly contributed to the mass balance and hence the time-evolution

The beef sector in North America, as in much of Europe, has not industrialized as rapidly as other animal production industries (pork, poultry). At the same time, the market share for beef in household meat consumption has dwindled. Apart from a penalizing price effect, various studies in ...

ABSTRACT. The assumption of interregional equilibrium in migration research has recently been attacked. At issue is the motivation for on-going migration if rents and wags accurately compensate for spatial amenity variations; but if rents and wages fail to accurately compensate potential migrants, then amenity valuations must be flawed. We here show that arguments supporting substantial disequilibrium in the US. economy are unconvincing. The substantive issues are then clarified by a model which allows for both equilibrium and disequilibrium migration. We conclude that intertemporally systematic migration stems predominantly from equilibrium forces.

Today, over-consumption, pollution and resource depletion threaten sustainability. Waste management policies frequently fail to reduce consumption, prevent pollution, conserve resources and foster sustainable products. However, waste policies are changing to focus on lifecycle impacts of products from the cradle to the grave by extending the responsibilities of stakeholders to post-consumer management. Product stewardship and extended producer responsibility are two policies in use, with radically different results when compared for one consumer product, refrigerators. North America has enacted product stewardship policies that fail to require producers to take physical or financial responsibility for recycling or for environmentally sound disposal, so that releases of ozone depleting substances routinely occur, which contribute to the expanding the ozone hole. Conversely, Europe's Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive requires extended producer responsibili...

Objective: To provide a summary of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Anorexia Nervosa (AN). Conclusions: Anorexia nervosa affects only a small proportion of the Australian and New Zealand population but it is important because it is a serious and potentially life-threatening illness. Sufferers often struggle with AN for many years, if not for life, and the damage done to their minds and bodies may be irreversible. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a deliberate loss of weight and refusal to eat. Overactivity is common. Approximately 50% of patients also use unhealthy purging and vomiting behaviours to lose weight. There are two main areas of physical interest: the undernutrition and mal-nutrition of the illness and the various detrimental weight-losing behaviours themselves. Basic psychopathology ranges from an over-valued idea of high salience concerning body shape through to total preoccupatio...

t is not surprising that debates about the future of social democracy have recently proliferated. More than two decades of neoliberalism have left citizens and commu- nities everywhere seeking respite from an unbridled globaliz- ing capitalism. In Europe, the backdrop has a decade of social democratic electoral resurgence amid much uncertain- ty about appropriate governing philosophies and policy frameworks for the exercise of power. In North America, similar debates have emerged at a different point in the elec- toral cycle, addressing the potential demise of the New Democratic Party or the disappointing results of the Nader Green Party campaign. Yet the underlying question is the same: can social democrats generate the ideas and strategy to power a credible electoral and policy alternative to neoliber- alism? While consensus exists on the passing of social democ- racy's "classical model," there is much less clarity on the meaning and direction of a new social democra...

Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) represent a model of the structural redesign of clinical education that is growing in the USA, Canada, Australia and South Africa. By contrast with time-limited traditional block rotations, medical students in LICs provide comprehensive care of patients and populations in continuing learning relationships over time and across disciplines and venues. The evidence base for LICs reveals transformational professional and workforce outcomes derived from a number of small institution-specific studies. This study is the first from an international collaborative formed to study the processes and outcomes of LICs across multiple institutions in different countries. It aims to establish a baseline reference typology to inform further research in this field. Data on all LIC and LIC-like programmes known to the members of the international Consortium of Longitudinal Integrated Clerkships were collected using a survey tool developed through a Delphi proc...

Southern California-Edison (SCE) currently operates the largest fleet of electric vehicles (EVs) in North America. SCE's EV experiences began in 1987 with prototype and electric conversions, such as the Conceptor G-Van, the Pentastar TEVan, and U.S.E. Sedan. Between 1994 and 1997, after the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, SCE began using early OEM EVs, such as the

Observations of the tropical atmosphere are fundamental to the understanding of global changes in air quality, atmospheric oxidation capacity and climate, yet the tropics are under-populated with long-term measurements. The first three years (October 2006–September 2009) of meteorological, trace gas and particulate data from the global WMO/Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory Humberto Duarte Fonseca (CVAO; 16° 51′ N, 24° 52′ W) are presented, along with a characterisation of the origin and pathways of air masses arriving at the station using the NAME dispersion model and simulations of dust deposition using the COSMO-MUSCAT dust model. The observations show a strong influence from Saharan dust in winter with a maximum in super-micron aerosol and particulate iron and aluminium. The dust model results match the magnitude and daily variations of dust events, but in the region of the CVAO underestimate the measured aerosol optical thickness (AOT) because of contributions from other aerosol. The NAME model also captured the dust events, giving confidence in its ability to correctly identify air mass origins and pathways in this region. Dissolution experiments on collected dust samples showed a strong correlation between soluble Fe and Al and measured solubilities were lower at high atmospheric dust concentrations. Fine mode aerosol at the CVAO contains a significant fraction of non-sea salt components including dicarboxylic acids, methanesulfonic acid and aliphatic amines, all believed to be of oceanic origin. A marine influence is also apparent in the year-round presence of iodine and bromine monoxide (IO and BrO), with IO suggested to be confined mainly to the surface few hundred metres but BrO well mixed in the boundary layer. Enhanced CO2 and CH4 and depleted oxygen concentrations are markers for air-sea exchange over the nearby northwest African coastal upwelling area. Long-range transport results in generally higher levels of O3 and anthropogenic non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) in air originating from North America. Ozone/CO ratios were highest (up to 0.42) in relatively fresh European air masses. In air heavily influenced by Saharan dust the O3/CO ratio was as low as 0.13, possibly indicating O3 uptake to dust. Nitrogen oxides (NOx and NOy) show generally higher concentrations in winter when air mass origins are predominantly from Africa. High photochemical activity at the site is shown by maximum spring/summer concentrations of OH and HO2 of 9 × 106 molecule cm−3 and 6 × 108 molecule cm−3, respectively. After the primary photolysis source, the most important controls on the HOx budget in this region are IO and BrO chemistry, the abundance of HCHO, and uptake of HOx to aerosol.