Lexicography

🔗.https://bit.ly/3dItcWj. Il volume raccoglie venticinque saggi sui trovatori, scritti da Pietro G. Beltrami in quarant’anni di costante indagine sulla storia, le singole personalità, il senso, la rilevanza stessa di una tradizione letteraria da sempre al centro della romanistica italiana. In questo panorama l’approccio e lo stile di Beltrami si distinguono per il rigore del metodo ecdotico, la perizia dell’analisi metrica, e soprattutto per un’attenzione estrema al momento interpretativo, motore essenziale del suo interesse. I. LEGGERE I TROVATORI. Leggere i trovatori oggi (e domani?). II. I ‘TROVATORI ANTICHI’. Ancora su Guglielmo IX e i trovatori antichi – Per la storia dei trovatori: una discussione – Cercamon ‘trovatore antico’: problemi e proposte – La canzone «Belhs m’es l’estius» di Jaufre Rudel – Per una rilettura di «Deiosta•ls breus jorns e•ls loncs sers» – Peire d’Alvernhe e l’interpretazione dei trovatori. III. GIRAUT DE BORNEIL. Giraut de Borneil «plan e clus» – Giraut de Borneil, la pastorella ‘alla provenzale’ e il moralismo cortese – Lettura di «Ben cove, pus ja baissa•l ram» (BdT 242,25) – Lettura di «Quan lo fregz e•l glatz e la neus» (BdT 242,60) – Un divertimento di Giraut de Borneil con Delfino d’Alvernia – La canzone «Per solatz revelhar» di Giraut de Borneil – Note su «Ans que venha» di Giraut de Borneil – Appunti per una nuova edizione di Giraut de Borneil – IV. BERTRAN DE BORN. Bertran de Born poeta galante: la canzone della domna soiseubuda – Bertran de Born il giovane e suo padre – Giochi di corte per Bertran de Born («Chazutz sui de mal en pena») – Bertran de Born fuori da Altaforte. Qualche nota su Ges no mi desconort – V. ARNAUT DANIEL. «Lo ferm voler» di Arnaut Daniel: noterella per una traduzione – Arnaut Daniel e la ‘bella scuola’ dei trovatori di Dante. VI. TROVATORI DEL DUECENTO. Appunti su «Razo e dreyt ay si•m chant e•m demori» – Spigolature su Sordello e la poesia italiana del Duecento. VII. QUESTIONI DI METRICA. Variazioni di schema e altre note di metrica provenzale – «Er auziretz» di Giraut de Borneil e «Abans qe•il blanc puoi» di autore incerto. Bibliografia. Indici.

This paper is a summary of a key portion of my dissertation, The Righteousness of God. In it, I critique Hermann Cremer's theory that "righteousness" (tsedeq, tsedaqah) in the Hebrew Bible is not a "norm concept" (in which righteousness is defined as conformity to the moral law) but a "relational concept" (in which righteousness is understood as faithfulness to a relationship or covenant).

"Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries.

Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation.

Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian
dialect of Bitola as spoken today.

16th cent., Kostur dialect
21st cent., Bitola dialect

Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime.
Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime.

Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogasko.
Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogatsko.

As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical.
All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th centuries. "

W artykule omówiono zasady konstruowania terminograficznego na różnych etapach pracy słownikarskiej. Na podstawie ogólnej i szczegółowej analizy terminograficznej oraz zasad pracy terminograficznej zaproponowano konstrukty idealnego, optymalnego i maksymalnego słownika terminologicznego. Są one podstawą opracowania parametrów konkretnych slowników, zmiennych z punktu widzenia potrzeb odbiorców, wymogów teoretycznych, typu wiedzy specjalistycznej reprezentowanej przez terminy, dostępność tekstów terminonośnych itd.

Маньчжуро-монгольский тематический толковый словарь «Зерцало маньчжуро-монгольской словесности, изданное по высочайшему повелению» опубликован в 1717 г. и является единственным словарем, в котором есть параллельный перевод на монгольский язык не только самих маньчжурских слов, но и толкований. В него включены около 12 000 заглавных слов, и подавляющее их большинство вошло в словарь О.М. Ковалевского, в котором каждое вошедшее слово имеет ссылку на тетрадь и лист в оригинальном издании словаря. О.М. Ковалевский использовал для составления словаря не только заглавные слова, но и толкования, причем последние как для точной передачи значения слов в русском переводе, так и для пополнения состава заглавных слов.

How do new languages develop systematic ways to talk about sensory experiences, such as color? To what extent is the evolution of color terms guided by societal factors? This paper describes the color lexicon of a rural sign language called Kata Kolok which emerged approximately one century ago in a Balinese village. Kata Kolok has four color signs: black, white, red and a blue-green term. In addition, two non-conventionalized means are used to provide color descriptions: naming relevant objects, and pointing to objects in the vicinity. Comparison with Balinese culture and spoken Balinese brings to light discrepancies between the systems, suggesting that neither cultural practices nor language contact have driven the formation of color signs in Kata Kolok. The few lexicographic investigations from other rural sign languages report limitations in the domain of color. On the other hand, larger, urban signed languages have extensive systems, for example, Australian Sign Language has up to nine color terms (Woodward 1989: 149). These comparisons support the finding that, rural sign languages like Kata Kolok fail to provide the societal pressures for the lexicon to expand further.

The official dictionary of the Indonesian language, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI), is published by Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa (The Language Development and Cultivation Agency) or Badan Bahasa under Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. KBBI Fourth Edition (KBBI IV) (Sugono 2008), published in 2008, has more than 92,000 entries and 100,000 senses and contains a plethora of linguistic and cultural information about Indonesia. However, the data was available only in Microsoft Excel and Word files in exactly the same format as the one in the printed dictionary and its online edition was only meant for basic word search by entry words. Thus, in order to create an online dictionary application which has advanced search capabilities, building a database is very vital: the data structure needs to be identified and the data itself needs to be cleaned so that it can be broken down based on its parts. Atkins and Rundell (2008) state that a database is one of the three main components of Dictionary Writing System (DWS). We broke down the data into entries, variants, subentries, types of subentries (derived words, compounds, proverbs, idioms, and fixed expressions), labels (parts-of-speech, styles, languages, domains, figurative, and abbreviations), pronunciations, cross-references, senses, examples, scientific names, and chemical formulas. We gave identification numbers for entries/subentries, senses, and examples. This paper describes our efforts in building the KBBI database in SQLite (www.sqlite.org) using Python programming language (www.python.org) and presents some examples of how it can be used for linguistic research and analysis, such as making a table of more than 150 patterns of word formation based on affixes, reduplications, and particles in Indonesian. The KBBI database is employed for the online DWS application (KBBI Daring kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id) and the printing of the latest KBBI Fifth Edition (KBBI V) (Amalia 2016).

Concise dictionary of Old Frisian (1200-1550) for which for the first time all extant Old Frisian sources have been processed. It offers definitions as well as phraseological, grammatical and dialectological information. Includes a list of sigla and a bibliography of Old Frisian text editions.

Frisian is the closest linguistic relative to English.

(Introduction)
This article is a critical and comparative review of the Longman Advanced American Dictionary, New Edition (henceforth LAAD2), which was revised approximately 7 years after the first edition was published. This dictionary will be compared with LAAD1, LDOCE4, MWALED, and other EFL dictionaries in terms of entry items (Section 2.), pronunciation (Section 3.), definitions, examples and other related information (Section 4.), register and subject labels (Section 5.), grammatical labels and language notes (Section 6.), four types of articles (Section 7.), etymology (Section 8.), and pictorial illustrations (Section 9.). We focus primarily on the dictionary’s usefulness as an educational tool in helping EFL learners in their English studies. Section 10. reports the results of a user study related to our review that was conducted among English teachers and students at Japanese universities, where teachers served as informants and students acted as participants. This section forms the basis of the pedagogical viewpoint mentioned in the title of this article. Section 11. is an overall conclusion.

O Vocabulário Ortográfico do Português (VOP) é um recurso lexicográfico digital disponível no Portal da Língua Portuguesa – www.portaldalinguaportuguesa.org – e foi desenvolvido no Instituto de Linguística Teórica e Computacional (ILTEC), com financiamento do Fundo da Língua Portuguesa através do Instituto Português de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento (IPAD), entre junho de 2009 e dezembro de 2010.
A realização deste projeto decorreu da necessidade de construir um recurso lexicográfico, um vocabulário ortográfico, que permitisse a aplicação do Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa (AO90), assinado em 1990 por todos os Estados de língua oficial portuguesa  e cuja aplicação em Portugal foi decidida em 2008. O VOP é, desde janeiro de 2011, o instrumento oficial para a aplicação do AO90 por decisão do Governo de Portugal.
Nesta apresentação propomo-nos levar a cabo uma breve apresentação deste projeto, centrando-nos, sobretudo, no contexto que condicionou o seu desenvolvimento, nos objetivos e principais caraterísticas do VOP, para, por fim, dar conta dos seus principais resultados lexicográficos, políticos e sociais.

This new dictionary (henceforth 'VDE') sets out to provide a scholarly and comprehensive account of the complementation patterns found alongside 511 common English verbs, 274 common nouns and 544 common adjectives. It is obvious from these figures that the compilers have aimed for depth rather than breadth of coverage and have chosen to focus on high-frequency lexical items whose complex patterning calls for lengthy treatment or may create difficulties for advanced learners of English. Potential buyers will therefore have to weigh up considerations of price and usefulness. It is a moot point whether the desire of advanced learners for precise detail is so great as to induce them to buy a dictionary with such a small number of entries when the competition offers far broader, though admittedly less thorough coverage. As it stands, the dictionary seems destined to be used by scholars only. Since it is the compilers' stated aim to describe common words that exhibit complex and varied complementation patterns, it is somewhat surprising to find that some less frequent adjectives such as remarkable, memorable and notable have been recorded, while the more common synonym interesting, which has similar patterning, is missing. The treatment of the three recorded adjectives is also slightly unsystematic. Only memorable is cited as occurring with the preposition as (+ N), although this use is fairly well attested for all these adjectives and other synonymic items besides. No mention is made of the related obsolescent pattern whereby these adjectives are associated with the participle construction of characterization:

A pesar de los indudables progresos que se han hecho en los últimos años en el estudio del léxico técnico latino, sigue siendo éste un campo necesitado de ulterior profundización. Esto resulta particularmente cierto en lo que se refiere al léxico latino de la medicina, especialmente complejo debido a la gran cantidad de subdisciplinas que la componen y a las enormes diferencias entre la mentalidad actual y la de las épocas en que fueron compuestos los textos médicos latinos. Dentro de este campo [...] nuestro objetivo es arrojar algo de luz sobre un segmento muy determinado del léxico médico latino, a saber, el dedicado a nombrar las afecciones de la piel.

ISBN-10: 1792806639
ISBN-13: 978-1792806636
Der vorliegende Band behandelt das Adjektiv und die Adjektivphrase. Erfahrungsgemäß bereiten deutschen Sprechern und Schreibern des Französischen in diesem Bereich folgende Fragen besondere Schwierigkeiten:
1) Wird ein Adjektiv vor- oder nachgestellt? (s. 3.7)
2) Mit welcher Präposition verbinde ich ein Adjektiv? (s. 3.8)
3) Kann ich ein deutsches Adjektiv immer mit einem französischen Adjektiv wiedergeben? Welche anderen Übersetzungsschwierigkeiten bestehen? (s. 3.9 sowie sämtliche anderen Kapitel)
Bisherige Grammatiken widmen sich diesen drei Fragen nur unzureichend; die Grammatik des gesprochenen und geschriebenen Französisch bietet als erste Lernergrammatik eine ausführliche Darstellung. Darüber hinaus bietet dieser Band die Neuerung, dass er mit einfach nachvollziehbaren Konstruktionsschemata (z.B. ce qui V ADJ) statt mit abstrakten Beschreibungen arbeitet. Schemata werden nicht allein für Ergänzungen des Adjektivs (z.B. mit à oder de eingeleitete Ergänzungen) aufgeführt, sondern auch zur Beschreibung zahlreicher anderer häufiger Konstruktionen des Französischen verwendet, die bisher in keiner Lernergrammatik und zum Teil auch in keiner sprachwissenschaftlichen Grammatik Erwähnung finden (z.B. Komparativschemata des Typs moins important que prévu). Die konsequente Korpusbasierung dieser Grammatik führt uns auch teilweise zu anderen, der wirklichen Sprache näheren Ergebnissen, als dies in der (geplanten) Grande Grammaire du français der Fall ist. Dort wird z.B. anhand von konstruierten Beispielsätzen die These aufgestellt, dass Komparative, denen der Nullartikel vorausgeht, nicht in Subjektfunktion auftreten können.  Unsere Korpusbelege widerlegen diese These.

This article is a comprehensive inventory of all the lexicographical works produced in Spain between 1749—date of the publication of the first military dictionary in Spanish, the Diccionario militar de Raimundo Sanz—and the First World War—which saw tremendous advances in the military sciences, making obsolete many of the previously used weapons and tactics. Previous inventories had only identified 18 such lexicographical works, and I was able to bring that number to 47. The inventory offers the same information for all works included: 1) complete bibliographical description, 2) description of the contents and macrostructure, 3) description of the microstructure, 4) comments on specific aspects of each work: history, location, relationship with other dictionaries, etc.

This study adopts a lexicon-based approach to address violence on social media. It uses FrameNet 1.7 (fn) and WordNet 3.1 (wn) to build a hierarchical domain-specific language resource of violence. The proposed lexicon tethers fn’s innovative integration of linguistic and paralinguistic knowledge to wn’s hierarchically-organized database. This tether alleviates the need to gather all paralinguistic violence-associated scenes and organize their linguistic realizations hierarchically. The proposed methodology can be internationally applied, given the multilingual availability of fn and wn, to cognitively and quantitatively explore a concept or a phenomenon. The lexicon is applied, then, to a corpus representing posts and comments retrieved from Donald Trump’s Facebook public page. Results reveal that the proposed lexicon recalls 92.68 of the total violence-related words in the corpus with a 76.31 precision (F-score= 83.7). More important, relating wn to fn inspires the creation of new...

Arabic is the fifth most widely spoken language in the world; it ranks eighth among the second languages studied in the United States, and the learning of Arabic is steadily growing around the globe. Yet, our textbooks do not consider lexical frequency in their design. The publication of Buckwalter and Parkinson's A Frequency Dictionary of Arabic (2011) was, for many, a wake-up call. The imperative of using high-frequency vocabulary in Arabic curricula was made evident for researchers and material designers as a sound path to teach Arabic for what it is: a real and contemporary world language. The book in your hands is an attempt to address some needs in the field of teaching Arabic as a second language, and it will appeal to different audiences, mainly learners of Arabic, materials developers, and specialists in corpus linguistics. For learners of Arabic, this dictionary includes everyday vocabulary that is absent from many textbooks and courses, within a range of themes that are useful in different contexts. For Arabic teachers and curriculum designers, this is a valuable resource that can guide them in their practice and in the design of corpus-based textbooks. And lastly, the work will also appeal to Arabic linguists and multilingual corpora experts interested in contrasting lexical frequency across genres and languages.

This paper looks at the most important achievement in  ineteenth-century Galician lexicography, the Galician-Castilian Dictionary edited by Marcial Valladares in 1884. A landmark when first published, this dictionary became a necessary point of reference for all subsequent Galician dictionaries, in particular those compiled in the first half of the twentieth century. The analysis focuses on the number and selection of entries, the orthography and definitions, and reviews the
historical circunstances which conditioned the making of the dictionary, contrasting its contents with those previously edited by Rodríguez (1863) and Cuveiro (1876).