Haiti

This paper will provide an overview of the fundamental changes that the cruise ship business has undergone with the emergence of capitalist globalization and in the context of the Caribbean region. Rising profits and investments in tourism during the later decades of the 20th century and into the 21st century have been an important part of the globalizing economy. This has been a consequence of both the major technological and organizational developments of global capitalism, but also, and most importantly, of the global system's changing social and class relations. The shifting social relations and productive activities that undergird the cruise ship business have meant gains for some involved, most especially, transnational capitalists, and exploitative and contradictory dynamics for many others. Annually millions of tourists from high consuming sectors worldwide partake in brief holiday escapes aboard cruise ship vessels. At the same time, the cruise ship business has become an oligopoly, controlled by a handful of large companies, that has driven many competitors out of business or acquiried them. Labor in the business has become more flexibilized, with low-wage workers (from a variety of nationalities) whose activities are increasingly standardized, monitored and micro-managed. While moving away from indicative development planning (with an eye to national goals), state policymakers in the Caribbean, for their own social reproduction, increasingly promote the interests of transnational capital such as with the cruise ship business. Importantly, labor and environmental protections have been stymied as the cruise ship companies, adept at public relations and skirting regulations, remain largely unaccountable.

This article examines the case of nearly 300 HIV-positive Haitian refugees the US state indefinitely detained on its Guantánamo naval base from 1991 to 1994. It argues that the predicament of these refugees emerged out of a nexus of historical threads that became entangled at Guantánamo, including the US state's near absolute exclusion of Haitian refugees, the legacy of antiblack and anti-Haitian racism, the discourses of disease that were linked to Haitian bodies, and the history of US (neo)imperial interests in the Caribbean. Its analysis centers on legal discourses and key federal court cases leading to US anti-Haitian refugee policies, including Haitian Refugee Center v. Civiletti (1980) and Haitian Centers Council v. Sale (1993), while examining the history of Haiti's political economy and relation to the United States, as well as discourses of race, nation, and contagion as they relate to Haitian migrants.

The twenty-three years (1934-1957) between the end of the US Occupation and the start of the Duvalier era were a dynamic period of introspection and change in Haitian society. The relatively high degree of freedom of expression, the proliferation of ideologies like Marxism and Noirisme, and the "Revolution of 1946" were all linked to a transformation of Haitian politics and culture unprecedented since 1804. One clear indication of the spirit of this chapter of the country's history, which I have labeled the Haitian Sixties, was the progress made by the Kreyòl movement. After the setbacks under the US Occupation, the call for a legitimation of the popular language entered a phase of renewed vigor: it was bolstered by groundbreaking philological studies, concerted attempts to create a standard orthography, experiments in the use of the Kreyòl language as a medium of instruction, and a renaissance in Kreyòl-language literature. Yet as the movement progressed, it was hampered by new internal divisions and longstanding prejudices at different levels of Haitian society.

This chapter explores three anthropological dimensions of the denial of crimes committed during the François Duvalier regime in Haiti (1957 and 1971): the manner in which social obligations created by kinship and social bonds induce conformism, self-censorship, and eventually denial; the disassociation from the victim's suffering, a social phenomenon I call pathophobia; and the animistic dimension of denial, which considers that the victim is wrong in their very essence and thus deserving of their fate.

This paper presents the case of the coming to and
consolidation of power by François Duvalier’s authoritarian regime
in Haiti in the late 50s and early 60s. The rise of Duvalierism
appears to be in part due to a sequence of strategic interactions
among Duvalier and his opponents: even though opponents
remained stronger than the incumbent, the latter managed to
overcome their frequent attacks by feinting to be weaker than
he was and preventing them to unite and coordinate their fight
against him. These opponents, who were in general members
of the traditional economic and political elite of Haiti, expected
to gain control over the government and had an incentive not to
coordinate against Duvalier in order to monopolize such control.
This strategic sequence, analytically and descriptively summarized,
appears to have been at the origin of the consolidation of Duvalier’s
rule in Haiti.

Pawòl Lakay is a complete first and second year set of Kreyòl materials designed for beginners and intermediate learners at the college level. It is the most comprehensive resource for the teaching and learning of Kreyòl available on the market. This textbook adopts a pragmatic approach to the teaching of language; emphasizing the value of communicative competence, functional language use, and conversational effectiveness. Pawòl Lakay takes into consideration the most recent research findings, new theories and methods in foreign language teaching. It is designed in accordance with the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages and the ACTFL National Standards for Foreign Language Education.

A barrage of criticism has been levelled against the Venice Biennale’s national pavilion structure in recent decades, chiefly accusing it of anachronism on account of its western biases. Yet the tide has begun to turn, making much of this criticism sound a little worn-out. As this event increasingly attracts debuting ‘non-western’ national exhibitors each year, its pavilion structure event is beginning to be reassessed. Haiti was one such debutant at the 54th edition of La Biennale di Venezia held in 2011. This article will explore in detail the debates raised by Haiti’s national pavilion, particularly as they related to the central exhibition theme of ILLUMInations selected by the International Art Exhibition Director for 2011, Bice Curiger. In doing so this piece will consider both: how the national pavilion structure at the Venice Biennale was challenged, and our wider understanding of it deepened, by Haiti’s participation; and what Venice’s national pavilion structure might be able to offer a post-colonial, ‘third-world’ nation like Haiti.

En diciembre del 2019 adquirió relevancia una nueva denuncia sobre la acción de militares de la Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití (Minustah) entre 2004 y 2017: centenas de mujeres haitianas fueron violadas y sus hijos abandonados por cascos azules. Los “hijos de la Minustah” se agregan a una larga lista de males que incluye, además de delitos sexuales, ejecuciones sumarias, el uso excesivo de la fuerza contra la población más pobre (sobre todo de Puerto Príncipe) y la epidemia de cólera que agravó de forma exponencial el desastre sanitario que siguió al devastador terremoto del 12 de enero de 2010 –según una investigación de la propia ONU, fueron soldados de Nepal los que importaron la bacteria hasta entonces inexistente en el Caribe–. Poco o nada hicieron las autoridades de las Naciones Unidas para aliviar los sufrimientos creados por la intervención y nunca se atendieron las demandas de reparación. También en el plano político la acción de la Minustah se mostró como un estruendoso fracaso. Tras los trece años de esta misión, el país caribeño sigue sumido en una aguda crisis: conflictos entre el Congreso y el ejecutivo; el poder judicial a la deriva; escándalos de corrupción que involucran el manejo del petróleo, la ayuda humanitaria internacional y las recién creadas zonas francas; grandes movilizaciones con barricadas, represión y violencia; reclamos contra el aumento de los precios de los alimentos que exigen la renuncia del presidente Jovenel Moïse; y una emergencia alimentaria que según la fao hoy afecta a más de la mitad de la población del país.

La desactivación de la Minustah en 2017 ocurrió junto a un cambio de agenda geopolítica global que incluyó el reposicionamiento de los principales actores. La administración Trump ha limitado su preocupación por Haití al control de la inmigración. La ONU vive una prolongada crisis política y financiera. Los países sudamericanos que aportaban más militares a la misión han sufrido cambios agudos: giros a la derecha, alineamientos con otros países, crisis económicas. El caso más notable es el de Brasil, no solo por haber enviado el mayor contingente militar (más de treinta mil soldados), ni por haber mantenido el comando de la misión durante toda su existencia (en total once generales brasileños estuvieron al frente), sino por el efecto que la presencia militar en el país caribeño ha tenido y tiene en la política brasileña, legitimando la participación castrense en el actual gobierno y el giro a la ultraderecha que vive el país desde el ascenso del excapitán y ahora presidente Jair Messias Bolsonaro.

(Escrito antes de la pandemia de COVID-19)

Chloroquine (CQ) remains the first-line treatment of malaria in Haiti. Given the challenges of conducting in vivo drug efficacy trials in low-endemic settings like Haiti, molecular surveillance for drug resistance markers is a reasonable approach for detecting resistant parasites. In this study, 349 blood spots were collected from suspected malaria cases in areas in and around Port-au-Prince from March to July 2010. Among them, 121 samples that were Plasmodium falciparum positive by polymerase chain reaction were genotyped for drug-resistant pfcrt, pfdhfr, pfdhps, and pfmdr1 alleles. Among the 108 samples that were successfully sequenced for CQ resistant markers in pfcrt, 107 were wild type (CVMNK), whereas one sample carried a CQ-resistant allele (CVIET). Neutral microsatellite genotyping revealed that the CQ-resistant isolate was distinct from all other samples in this study. Furthermore, the remaining parasite specimens appeared to be genetically distinct from other reported Cent...

Phylodynamic analysis of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data is a powerful tool to investigate underlying evolutionary processes of bacterial epidemics. The method was applied to investigate a collection of 65 clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae from Haiti collected between 2010 and 2012. Characterization of isolates recovered from environmental samples identified a total of four toxigenic V. cholerae O1 isolates, four non-O1/O139 isolates, and a novel nontoxigenic V. cholerae O1 isolate with the classical tcpA gene. Phylogenies of strains were inferred from genome-wide SNPs using coalescent-based demographic models within a Bayesian framework. A close phylogenetic relationship between clinical and environmental toxigenic V. cholerae O1 strains was observed. As cholera spread throughout Haiti between October 2010 and August 2012, the population size initially increased and then fluctuated over time. Selection analysis along internal branches of t...

This paper focuses on a sub-watershed within a major watershed that is home to almost one-third of the country’s population.  The watershed area is characterized by being highly vulnerable to flooding during heavy rains, particularly during the hurricane season. The objective of this paper is to formulate policy recommendations that will assist in reducing population vulnerability to flooding and improve/maintain the health of the watershed.

During the past few years, the AIDS campaign in Haiti has been targetingVodou officiants and organizations. These awareness and training programmes in-form officiants about the transmission and prevention of AIDS, tests for HIV and anti-retroviral drugs, or even try to encourage them to become involved in a medicalreferral system. These culturalist interventions are grounded in an essentialist conceptof culture that can have harmful effects on the targeted groups. The concept of cultureunderlying such interventions is deconstructed along with the categories of tradi-tional medicine and the ‘tradipractitioner’. An approach to public health is advocatedthat would contextualize medical pluralism in Haiti.

I read Edwidge Danticat’s Claire of the Sea Light as a suitable follow-up, if not a sequel, to her previous book of the same style, The Dew Breaker. While that book explored the more painful memories of Haitian immigrants living in the U.S., in Claire Danticat deals primarily with the haunted landscape of Haiti’s present.

Memorial days of disasters represent an opportunity to evaluate the progress of recovery. This article uses sentiment analysis (SA) to assess post-disaster recovery on the 10th anniversary of L’Aquila’s earthquake using Twitter data. We have analyzed 4349 tweets from 4 to 10 April 2019 with the hashtag: #L’Aquila that we have obtained from a third-party vendor. The polarity is first defined using a supervised classification based on experts’ rules on post-disaster reconstruction and Grammarly tones. Then, this polarity is compared with the outcome of an unsupervised classification based on the pre-trained SA machine learning algorithm developed by MonkeyLearn. We have found a significant negative assessment of the post-disaster recovery process in L’Aquila. About 33.1% of the tweets had a negative polarity, followed by 29.3% tweets with a neutral polarity, 28.7% with positive polarity, and 8.9% unrelated to the anniversary. Further analysis of the tweets confirms that after 10 years...

Quick impact projects (QIPs) are by definition rapid, simple and cheap projects. QIPs have been implemented since 1992 during several United Nations (UN) missions, either with the objective to provide humanitarian aid or to “win the hearts and minds” of local people, mainly to contribute to the missions credibility. This paper analyzes the implementation of QIPs by the Military Component (MC) of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). It was observed that, although not possible to quantitatively measure the consequences of QIPs, and with some reservations, their efficiency could be verified specially in the promotion of the mission credibility; enhancing security for military operations; and finally, facilitating the implementation of the mission mandate. It is concluded that the implementation of QIPs by MINUSTAH’s MC, based on the implementation process adopted and the needs faced by MINUSTAH, is valuable and should be used as one amongst the several tools of the stabilization process.

Abstract: Through an ethnographic case study of a community
road-building initiative in a commune in Grand’Anse, Haiti, this
article argues that konbit and protest, grounded in critical citizenship,
can be used to (re)politicize people’s participation in community
development. While critical citizenship frameworks tend to center on
the reciprocal or oppositional relationships between civil society and
the state, this article considers how transnational actors alter such
relationships. In Haiti, international nongovernmental organizations
(INGOs) are parastate actors that assume the state’s responsibilities,
shifting civil society’s orientation away from an absent state and
toward INGOs. But unlike the state, INGOs maintain an apolitical
posture that upholds their bureaucratic dominance. Christian
Vannier suggests, however, that development practitioners can
leverage konbit to facilitate participatory development in Haiti. Yet
participatory development tends to misappropriate such systems of
collaborative labor and treat the “target population” as “objects of
knowledge and management” rather than as citizens. This article
concludes that, unlike INGO-funded participatory development
projects, the road-building initiative explicitly transformed power
relations. Not only did commune members take ownership of the
project; they also used protest and other democratic means to realize
a community project grounded in konbit as collective public action.

A brief overview of some of the major impacts on Haiti as a result of the USA's invasion and subsequent occupation of Haiti from 1915 until 1934. Specifically, the American control of Haitian businesses and institutions and, the changing of socio-economic hierarchies.

Etnografía realizada en una zona geográfica rural de la frontera dominico-haitiana con el objetivo fue estudiar las auto y hetero representaciones empleadas por los participantes de la investigación, las creencias, valores e ideas que orientan las relaciones entre dominicanos y haitianos en ese contexto. La etnografía fue realizada a través de casos de haitianas embarazadas, que, viviendo en Haití, cruzan la frontera buscando asistencia médica en el hospital dominicano más próximo, y del personal médico y administrativo del hospital que se los proporciona.

Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s first book, Ti difé boulé sou istoua Ayiti [Stirring the Pot of Haitian History] (1977), exposes the foundational role of Haitian Vodou and the Kreyòl language in Haiti’s Revolution (1791-1804). This essay analyzes selected passages from Ti difé boulé that explicitly incorporate Vodou songs, prayers, and terminology to show how Trouillot provocatively deploys oral sources of historical narrative and memory. The young activist, writing in Haitian Kreyòl from New York City during the Duvalier dictatorship in Haiti, powerfully contests official versions of Haitian history by emphasizing the Haitian people’s agency. Vodou and Kreyòl, born out of struggle within a repressive colonial framework, are the forces underlying Haitian resistance. Ti difé boulé examines neocolonial patterns of oppression emerging during the nineteenth century and critiques revolutionary icon Toussaint Louverture, revealing how Haiti’s predatory State harnessed Vodou to continue systematically subjugating the Haitian people.  Trouillot’s innovative yet understudied masterpiece offers contemporary readers “new narratives” (Ulysse, 2015) of Haiti. As twin pillars of Haitian resistance and cultural identity, Vodou and Kreyòl remain a vital and vibrant part of the American heritage. They merit more nuanced understandings within a cultural and political context where they have increasingly come under siege, inside and outside of Haiti.

Les élèves en situation de handicap et/ou à besoins éducatifs particuliers en Haïti sont une préoccupation majeure pour le système d'éducation, qui depuis plusieurs années, a du mal à instaurer une approche inclusive dans la scolarisation. Dans cette communication, il sera question de mettre en évidence les mécanismes de dépistage de la dyslexie, la formation des enseignants et la prise en charge en contexte haïtien. Une fois le diagnostic posé, l'élève dyslexique se trouve entre l'abandon de l'Etat, le manque de professionnels de santé mentale et l'absence de formation spécialisée des enseignants pour mettre en place des dispositifs d'accompagnement. Cette intervention consiste à faire un panorama général des connaissances actuelles sur la dyslexie en Haïti. Au regard des interrogations suivantes: Qui peut poser un diagnostic de la dyslexie en Haïti? Quel type de prise en charge préconisée? Quelle formation continue pour les enseignants? Nous proposons dans notre intervention le modèle DÉCOMAC (Détecter, Comprendre et Accompagner) qui consiste à établir le protocole de diagnostic, à encourager la formation du personnel enseignant et sanitaire, et à mettre en place la nomenclature des différentes catégories pour la prise en charge des élèves dyslexiques Haïtiens.

La segunda parte del libro del mismo título sobre Puerto Rico y el Caribe durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.  Este volumen contiene 18 ensayos de especialistas y capítulos sobre el Caribe Inglés, Martinica, Cuba, Haití , la República Dominicana y Puerto Rico.

Essay from the book "Halka/Haiti 18°48'05"N 72°23'01"W: C.T. Jasper & Joanna Malinowska", the publication accompanying the official Polish representation at the 56th Venice Biennale.
This essay provides conceptual framework to the project "Halka/Haiti..." which involved staging Stanislaw Moniuszko's "Halka" (1858), considered to be Poland’s national opera, in the seemingly unlikely locale of Cazale, Haiti - a village inhabited by the descendants of Polish soldiers who fought for the Haitian Revolution in the early 1800s. The essay draws together the history of Polish engagement in Haiti; the history of reception of the opera "Halka" and its significance for Polish national identity over the last 150 years; and the interpretation of the movie "Fitzcarraldo", seen from the postcolonial perspective, in order to shed light on the project's founding question: Why would one take an opera to the other end of the world?
More info about "Halka/Haiti": http://labiennale.art.pl/en/wystawy/halkahaiti/

EM JANEIRO DE 2010, O TERREMOTO OCORRIDO NO HAITI ATINGIU A CAPITAL, PORTO PRÍNCIPE, E VÁRIOS MUNICÍPIOS PRÓXIMOS QUE, POR COMPOREM A ÁREA MAIS POPULOSA DO PAÍS, RESULTARAM NUMA SITUAÇÃO SEM PRECEDENTES. ESTAVA EM ANDAMENTO NO PAÍS A MISSÃO DE PAZ ESTABELECIDA PELA ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS (ONU) EM 2004, DENOMINADA UNITED NATIONS STABILIZATION MISSION IN HAITI (MINUSTAH). EM DECORRÊNCIA DA DESTRUIÇÃO FÍSICA E DE CENTENAS DE MILHARES DE MORTOS, FERIDOS E DESAPARECIDOS, O GOVERNO HAITIANO SOLICITOU O AUXÍLIO DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA (EUA), QUE ENVIARAM UMA FORÇA-TAREFA CONJUNTA – JOINT TASK FORCE – HAITI (JTF-H) PARA AUXILIAR NO ESFORÇO DE AJUDA. NESSE CONTEXTO, O LIVRO APRESENTA COMO SE DEU O GERENCIAMENTO DA CRISE PROVOCADA PELO TERREMOTO, CENTRANDO A ATENÇÃO NA FASE DE RESPOSTA E, PARTICULARMENTE, COMO OCORREU A COORDENAÇÃO ENTRE OS PRINCIPAIS ATORES DURANTE AS AÇÕES REALIZADAS

Os projetos de impacto rápido (quick impact projects ou “QIPs”) são, por definição, projetos rápidos, simples e baratos, utilizados, desde 1992, nas diversas missões das Nações Unidas, ora com o objetivo de prover ajuda humanitária ora para “conquistar os corações e mentes” da população e assim contribuir para a credibilidade da missão. Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar como os QIPs implementados pela Missão das Nações Unidas para a estabilização do Haiti (MINUSTAH) contribuíram para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico daquele país, tendo como base aqueles realizados pela Companhia de Engenharia de Força de Paz. Para tanto, analisou-se a literatura existente sobre a utilização anterior desses projetos em diversas missões da ONU. Com isso, foi possível identificar as principais dificuldades encontradas na implementação dos QIPs, bem como sua eficiência nas situações referidas. Para a análise dos projetos de impacto rápido realizados no Haiti, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa documental em diversos documentos expedidos pela ONU; além disso, foram realizadas também, entrevistas e questionários com militares e funcionários civis que participavam ou já haviam participado da MINUSTAH. Observou-se que, embora não tenha sido possível medir matematicamente as consequências dos QIP, a eficiência dos projetos no aumento da credibilidade da MINUSTAH, bem como no aumento de segurança para as operações militares, foi confirmada por todos os que participaram desta pesquisa. Concluiu-se que a implementação dos QIPs, baseada no processo adotado e nas necessidades enfrentadas pela MINUSTAH, é algo necessário e os QIPS podem ser utilizados em diversas frentes do processo de estabilização.

Entangled Species: Conversations on Contemporary Art in the Caribbean provides a different view of the Caribbean through a personal lens showcasing the depth and variety of artists and art communities of the Caribbean.

Entangled Species, is the result of a fifteen-month research project by Sasha Dees (the Netherlands). Between November 2017 and May 2019, she visited 16 countries in the Caribbean (including, Barbados, Curacao, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and the Virgin Islands). Decolonization discourse and international politics are reflected in her encounters and conversations with artists, art professionals, and institutions in the Caribbean. Engaging anecdotes and conversations with artists and art professionals draw us into her journey. This publication reads like a travel book and serves as a toolkit; a Lonely Planet Guide to contemporary art in the Caribbean.

“In Entangled Species, Sasha has mapped out critical contemporary art, artists, funding bodies and art institutions from a genuine and personal interest in the art world. I enjoyed reading about her journey and her experience of writing and the art she encountered. I could also relate some of the examples in the book to my own experiences. The book helped me to better understand the Caribbean art landscape, its place in the world of art, and the implications of the differences between the two. As I read, I was forced to rethink and reaffirm career choices I made in the past. Reading the words of other Caribbean artists, motivated me as I felt the confirmation of their words and shared experience. Sasha Dees takes you with her as she reaches out to a wide range of artists and art professionals across the Caribbean. The people she speaks with are honest about their struggles and generous with their advice—illuminating a context and a region we need to better understand if we are to appreciate the art, the culture and the community of the Caribbean.” - Sharelly Emanuelson (Curacao), Artistic Researcher.

Published: 12 December 2021
Publisher: Art Agent Orange / Trendbeheer, Rotterdam (NL)
ISBN 978-90-830648-6-4
https://www.trendbeheer.com/sashadees/

""De la guerre de Sept ans aux émancipations nationales de l’Amérique ibérique, les sociétés européennes et coloniales de l’espace atlantique connaissent une série de ruptures politiques majeures qui redessinent la carte politique des Amériques comme de l’Europe. L’hémisphère occidental se peuple de nouveaux Etats, républiques ou empires, l’un éphémère – le Mexique –, l’autre durable – le Brésil. Or, si les Révolutions américaine et française, et, depuis peu, haïtienne, ont pris toute leur place dans la séquence prestigieuse des révolutions atlantiques, les indépendances hispano-américaines et brésilienne continuent à apparaître comme des mouvements incomplets ou ratés. Ce jugement sévère ne fait pas justice à la richesse et à la complexité de ces révolutions d’indépendance qui posèrent de façon précoce la question de l’égalité civile et de l’esclavage, au sein de sociétés coloniales où les libres de couleur et les Indiens étaient souvent majoritaires.
Rassemblant des contributions de spécialistes reconnus des trois continents, L’Atlantique révolutionnaire : une perspective ibéro-américaine traduit la richesse et le dynamisme de l’historiographie actuelle sur le moment révolutionnaire ibérique et ibéro-américain. Il place le sous-continent au centre de l’attention sans pour autant négliger la question devenue classique des imbrications et des interactions impériales, aux Antilles, notamment. Inscrit dans la perspective de la nouvelle histoire atlantique, il explore les dimensions sociales, politiques et « raciales » d’un moment décisif pour la modernité politique et la construction de sociétés plurielles confrontées à la dialectique de la liberté et de l’esclavage, de l’égalité et de la discrimination. ""