Flood Forecasting

This paper presents a forecasting model designed using WSNs( Wireless Sensor Networks) to predict flood
in rivers using simple and fast calculations to provide real-time results and save the lives of people who
may be affected by the flood. Our prediction model uses multiple variable robust linear regression which is
easy to understand and simple and cost effective in implementation, is speed efficient, but has low resource
utilization and yet provides real time predictions with reliable accuracy, thus having features which are
desirable in any real world algorithm. Our prediction model is independent of the number of parameters,
i.e. any number of parameters may be added or removed based on the on-site requirements. When the
water level rises, we represent it using a polynomial whose nature is used to determine if the water level
may exceed the flood line in the near future. We compare our work with a contemporary algorithm to
demonstrate our improvements over it. Then we present our simulation results for the predicted water level
compared to the actual water level.

Mercu Buana University Campus D is part of Mercu Buana University which began the operational in 2013. Since 2013 until 2017, Mercu Buana University Campus D still got less than a target about getting the new student.This can be due to various things including the lack of precisely marketing strategy undertaken.Therefore, in this study the authors make an application by implementing the concept of data mining using clustering and forecasting methods to obtain information from existing data registrants. So, the information can be used by decision makers to determine effective and efficient marketing strategies.

In Flood Control 2015, technology is used as a means to enable people to better assess and respond to risky situations. From manager to citizen, people make decisions depending upon the circumstances at hand. If there is more certainty about the current situation, and if pertaining information is purposefully provided, the adverse consequences of flooding can be limited. By making smart use of the most advanced information and technology available, Flood Control 2015 makes it possible to take informed action. As illustration of the applicability and need of the Flood Control 2015 advances, ample use was made of these innovations not only within the Netherlands, but also in Indonesia and the US. Improved flood forecasting systems or real-time monitoring of flood defences are not objectives in themselves. A characteristic feature of the Flood Consortium 2015 is that it develops knowledge and tools that are suitable for use in day-to-day practice of several professional disciplines, not only for those responsible for operational water management but also for decision-makers on different levels, crisis managers, communication advisors, news agencies and the emergency services. All of the aforementioned benefit from the yields of this program. Let us not forget about the communities within the areas at risk who will now be better equipped to help themselves and their neighbours by using this improved information and means of communication.

This study examines societal risks and vulnerabilities to the twin disasters of floods and landslides in
Brunei Darussalam from a scientific perspective. Having observed that floods and landslides heavily
impact on communities across the country, damaging property, infrastructure and the natural/built
environment, causing evacuations and other socio-economic disruptions, the study is based on the
premise that only through a good understanding of the underlying forcing mechanisms and triggers can
effective policy disaster risk reduction (DRR) be achieved. Based on the results, the following
observations are established:
1. Floods and landslides in Brunei Darussalam which generally occur during the N.E Monsoon season are
particularly severe in the month of January;
2. Based on the cases of January 2009, 2011 and 2014, it is establishes that although the monsoons are
generally predictable, anomalous episodic deluge which is the primary trigger of floods and landslides is
largely unpredictable;
3. Intense/episodic anomalous rainfall which triggers floods, flash-floods and landslides in Brunei, is
generally forced by an anomalous synoptic air-sea coupled processes and tele-connections across the
marginal South China Sea and adjacent seas;
4). Air-sea coupled mechanisms which force anomalous rainfall are characterized by a high degree of
inter-annual variability and unpredictability.
The study concludes that challenges based on such unpredictability and complexity present a real test to
of meteorologically-induced disaster preparedness in the country and limit management
effectiveness basically to response rather than the more desirable prediction and mitigation.

The Goshikhurd Multipurpose Project in Maharashtra (India) is declared as National project. It is very important project in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The project is constructed on the River Vainganga, a tributary of the River Godawari at Pauni in Bhandara district of Maharashtra. The river Vainganga originates in Seoni district of Madhyapradesh and joins River Godawari at Sironcha in Chandrapur district of Maharashtra. After emerging from hilly area, it flows through a considerably flat terrain and has a very mild slope. The catchment area at dam site is 34862 sq. km. The annual average rainfall in the catchment is 1320.80 mm. The dam has total length of 10452 m, maximum height in earthen portion is 22.78 m and that of in masonry portion is 28.70 m. It is an earthen dam with central Masonry spillway. The dam has ogee type spillway with 33 no radial gates of size 18.3 m x 16.5 m (largest size in radial types in India) The project flood values in Cumecs are PMF 67300, EDA design flood 34000, 25 Yr return flood 22733. In present study flood analysis on time space frame has done on d/s of dam upto Vardha confluence (i.e. 210 km).The necessary cross sections and l sections are taken at every 500 m. The river channel starts overflowing at discharge of 8000 Cumecs at two places and average flood carrying capacity of natural river channel is near about 13000 Cumecs, which is very less as compared to above flood values. Obviously the 25 yr return flood is also going to create inundation on d/s of project. Hence it is essential to analyse floods on d/s with normal floods, (even for flood due to opening of gate also.) After completion of project there is change in downstream floods. (Pattern, frequency, severity). In present study peak discharges at various d/s locations (upto 210 km) for various conditions are worked out. Also, time to reach peaks at various locations and its inundation severity is worked out. The graphical presentation of flood wave transmission on d/s is presented (due to various floods) on time as well as space frame. These graphs are very useful in preparedness for disaster management and evacuation at various locations. Also, inundations due to these peaks are also worked out. This is very useful data in emergency action plan and preparedness in floods.

Flooding is a natural phenomenon in Albania. The floods are flashy and flood – waters occupy the floodplain; in the biggest rivers, close to the rivermouth area, these waters inundate the floodplain for several weeks.Attempts have been made to alleviate flood situation in Albania by building protective dykes and creating upstream storage. Although many of these measures have been beneficial, they also served to encourage further encroachment upon river floodplains, thereby raising the potential for flood damage. Actually, more than half of the Albanian population lives very close to the rivermouth areas, where the risk of flooding is higher. The structural solution is only a partial one; the only long-term solution consists of keeping flood-vulnerable development and uses out of the floodplain. In order to evaluate the flood potential, a statistical study in national scale was carried out. The peak discharges for different return periods are computed using statistical method and a map of the flood potential for the country is designed. Those constructions had a relevant protective role during the flooding of the winter 1970-71. Non structural measures consist of measures undertaken for flood warning or flood forecasting or different studies like flood-mapping, estimation of inundation risk and inundation zones and possible damages.

This paper aims at establishing changes in land use and land cover in Igbokoda municipality using Geographic Information System and remote sensing techniques. Three satellite images for three different epochs 1986, 1999 and 2013 were used to produce a land use/land cover map classification for Igbokoda. In determining the extent of land use/land cover changes in the township from 1986 through 1999 to 2013, Landsat images of the town were downloaded from the United State Geological Survey online archive. The images were analyzed using change detection technique (NDVI differencing) along with SRTM 90m DEM of the study area to generate the extent of the changes that have occurred. Ground trotting was carried out to ascertain the accuracy of data and the major changes in the land use/land cover. Results show that vegetation has decreased from 75.04% in 1986 to 46.81% in 2013 which was due to increase in population and rapid urbanization. In 1996 the Built-up area covers 19.6321 km2 of the study area but has increased rapidly to 39.1505 km2 in the year 1999 with an average annual increment of 2.025Km2/year. By the year 2013, the built-up area has increased to 64.1520Km2. Also in the same vein, the bare surface area which was 13.28029km2 in 1986 was increased to 39.6053 and 50.240Km2 in 1999 and 2013 respectively. On the contrary, the vegetated area of Igbokoda reduced from 196.3046Km2 in 1999 to 122.4680Km2 in 2013. This study has demonstrated that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach is timely and cost effective than the conventional method of analysis, classification of land use pattern effective for planning and management. It further shows that If the rapid change in land use is not properly manage, the situation poses a serious threat to Igbokoda town by increasing surface runoff and susceptibility to flooding.