FTIR spectroscopy

This article reports the results of an investigation into the efficiency of mechanical activation to increase the reactivity in alkali activated mortar synthesized from low-grade clay. Mechanical activation significantly changed the structure of clay, increasing the specific surface area, and decreasing the particle size. The 7-day compressive strength of mortar synthesized from untreated clay was 31.7 MPa, which increased to 35.3 after 4 h milling. A further increase of grinding time to 8 h did not result in any increase in compressive strength which is attributed to a decrease in the workability. However, the extent of reactivity did significantly increase as determined from solid-state MAS NMR, FTIR, and EDS analyses. Solid-state MAS NMR results revealed the increased formation of Q 4 (2Al) silicon sites, which is correlated with improved reaction. Furthermore, the EDS and FTIR analysis results indicated greater incorporation of aluminium into the matrix structure with increased grinding time.

Crystals of LTA zeolites were obtained in absence of organic templates using a crystallization temperature of 373 K. The as-synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The aging time was found to be a crucial factor for the control of the crystal size. Samples aged between 72 and 144 h presented an

The formation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) based semi-interpenetrating networks (semi-IPN) with poly(acylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methy-l-propanesulfonic-acid) hydrogels. The hydrogels were prepared by free-radical polymerization using redox initiator. The characterizations of hydrogels were done by swelling experiments, FTIR spectroscopy and DSC analysis. Morphology of the samples were examined by SEM. Experimental results indicate that the semi-IPN hydrogel containing 0.10 g of SCMC and 5.829 mM of AMPS, shows the highest swelling capacity (64.83 g/g). The swelling behavior of the semi-IPN hydrogel (AS5) was studied in different pH solutions. The ranitidine hydrochloride drug loading and release of the semi-IPN hydrogels were studied by using a UV spectrophotometer.

The thick film NixZn(1−x)Fe2O4 on alumina substrate was prepared by screen printing of the ferrite powder synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method using nitrate precursors. These NixZn(1−x)Fe2O4 thick films of varying x were characterized by X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). The permittivity and permeability were measured by overlay technique. Voltage standing wave ratio method was also used to measure the dielectric constant. The permittivity was found to increase with Ni content varying between 13 and 18. The permeability was ∼3.01. The overlay technique provides an easy method for measurement of permittivity and permeability of ferrite thick film.

Melanin is of interest as a model system of understanding disorder in biological systems. The biological functionality of melanin depends on disorder which is considered as its essential part. This property distinguishes melanin from other much more intensively studied biomolecule systems such as nucleic acid, proteins and carbohydrates. Melanins have been reported to have a diverse number of functions in the biosystem, including photosensitization, metal ion chelation, photoprotection to absorb a broad range of electromagnetic radiation, antibiotic, thermoregulation. Melanins are found all over the body from the skin and blood to the nervous system but the role of melanin in all these system is unclear. FTIR spectroscopy technique is usually one of the most preferred techniques used to give a correct assignment of the observed spectral characteristic of functional groups corresponding to different absorption bands which are responsible of the absorption. FTIR is the characterization technique which is both rapid, non-destructive and requires small sized samples. In the material to be analysed, chemical bonds vibrate at a characteristic frequency representative of their structure, bond angle and length. FTIR spectrometer is important for the interpretation of the structure, binding capacity, affinity and sites of metal ions in melanin. These are important factors for better understanding the metals melanin complexity and its consequences. The analysis of sepia melanin by FTIR reveals that there is existence of functional groups that can be responsible for the binding cites of different metallic ions leading to many new applications of sepia melanin.

Considerable controversy exists concerning the rate of coal pyrolysis. At 800°C the reported rates derived using a single first-order process to define weight loss vary from < 1 s-1 to ~100 s- 1. In an attempt to resolve this controversy, a new pyrolysis experiment has been designed which allows direct measurement of coal temperature and reaction time. It uses a small-diameter electrically heated tube into which coal and helium are injected. The reaction distance is varied by moving the electrode positions. Temperature is measured inside and outside the tube with a thermocouple. Temperatures of the solids are determined at the tube exit using FT-i.r. emission and transmission spectroscopy. The transit time for a pulse of coal is measured using phototransistors at the top and bottom of the tube. Particle velocities are also determined using FT-IR transmission. Measurements have been made on sieved size fractions of a North Dakota lignite, Rosebud subbituminous coal and Illinois No. 6 bituminous coal in tubes up to 240 cm long at asymptotic tube temperatures of 600, 700, 800 and 935°C. At 800°C primary pyrolysis was completed in a period of 14 ms, during which the maximum coal temperature was increasing from 600 to 740°C. The results are in good agreement with a previously developed functional-group model of coal pyrolysis which employs a distribution of activation energies to describe the evolution of individual pyrolysis species. The results are also in reasonable agreement with predictions of a single first-order model for weight loss which uses a rate constant k=4.28 x 1O4 exp(-228500/RT) Jmol-’ s-1. This rate,which is over 1000 s-l at 800°C, is inconsistent with the low rates. Reasons for discrepancies in reported rates are discussed

Global food shortage is mainly due to the post-harvest spoilage of food, rather than its under-production, especially in the sub-Saharan African countries. Rapid detection tools for the spoilage of fruit such as banana (Musa acuminata) would be a great resource in alleviating losses during post-harvest storage. In this study, silver-based colloidal nanoparticle (AgNPs) solution was synthesized using culture supernatant or wet biomass (cell pellets) of Bacillus subtilis. The synthesized silver nanoparticles solution was confirmed using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and further characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier Transmission Infrared (FT-IR), and then evaluated as a colorimetric sensor for the volatile compound released during the deterioration of Musa acuminata. The original reddish brown colour of the silver nanoparticle solution changed to light brown by the end of the fourth day and finally turned transparent on the tenth day. Simultaneous analysis carried out by UV-Vis spectroscopy corroborates our investigation of AgNPs as a colorimetric sensor displaying selectivity and specificity for 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis (2-methyl propyl) ester which was released during the deterioration of Musa acuminata. The use of colorimetric sensor as conducted in this study will help in easy detection for control of crop deterioration.

The drug-excipients compatibility study is the preliminary step in the development of solid
dosage form of a drug substances and it is defined as an investigation of physico chemical
propertiesof drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. The drug-excipients
compatibility study in physical mixture techniques were employed.Paracetamol(N-acetyl-paminopheno)
is a commonly used analgesic and antipyretic drug, present indifferent
pharmaceutical formulationsthis combination has demonstrated genuine synergy in animal
studies and also combines withparacetamol’s rapid onset of efficacy with Tramadol’s
prolonged analgesic effect.The efficacy and tolerability of Paracetamol plus Tramadol in both
acute and chronic pain.DSC and FTIR provides important data on the evaluation of stability
of a pharmaceutical formulation.The present work will help in the development of recent type
of dosages forms (immediate release, extentded release, effervescent tablets etc.) of
Paracetamol with Tramadol combination. Paracetamol due to its impurity p-amino phenol
having genotoxic potential therefore it is very essential to study its compatibility with other
drugs and excipient used in combination with Paracetamol. Thus the main aim of my present
work is to determine the compatibility of Paracetamol with Tramadol and several excipients
for quality control and routine analysis of these drugs in their marketed formulation. Result of
DSC comparison of thermal curve of pure substances with the curve obtained from 1:1
physical mixture of Paracetamol and Tramadol and adequate excipient with suitable
compatibility.and result of FTIR combination of Paracetamol and Tramadol showed
coressesponding peaks for various bond present in structure and not change in functional
groups. And excipent showed minute (HPMC, LACTOSE) change in vibrational frequencies
for their corresponding various bond .

Sulfate–zirconia catalysts were prepared via the colloidal-sol–gel method using ZrOCl2as precursor. After precipitation and washing, the solids were peptized with a 1 : 1 mixture of CH3COOH and H2SO4. The promoters were introduced as gallium, indium, or thallium nitrates into the solution containing the zirconium sols. After a gel formation period, the samples were dried and calcined. The catalysts were

Chemical characteristics of wood are used in this study for plant taxonomy classification based on the current Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG III System) for the division, class and subclass of woody plants. Infrared spectra contain information about the molecular structure and intermolecular interactions among the components in wood but the understanding of this information requires multivariate techniques for the analysis of highly dense datasets. This article is written with the purposes of specifying the chemical differences among taxonomic groups, and predicting the taxa of unknown samples with a mathematical model. Principal component analysis, t-test, stepwise discriminant analysis and linear discriminant analysis, were some of the chosen multivariate techniques. A procedure to determine the division, class, subclass, order and family of unknown samples was built with promising implications for future applications of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy in wood taxonomy classification

Material identification of historical objects has a great importance for better understanding and reproduction process of ancient arts as a basic prior to applying the appropriate conservation method. In this research an inscription related to Ansarin house of Tabriz was studied. It has used in open air space under environmental factors which has caused to structural and visual decays. The aim of the study was identification of pigments and ink of script and ornaments by application chemical spot tests, polarized light microscopy, SEM-EDX and FTIR spectrometry. Results have indicated the use of carbon ink in inscription and ultramarine blue (Lapis lazuli), white lead, red lead (minium), massicot (litharge) with chalk as filler and copper alloys as golden pigment. Corrosion products of copper alloys such as carboxylates, appears as a green layer on golden areas.

The study of cremated human remains from archaeological contexts has traditionally been viewed as less valuable than the study of inhumed bodies. However, recent methodological and theoretical developments regarding the taphonomic processes that transform the human body during cremation have highlighted their potential for understanding past cultural and funerary practices. This study combines the first application of spectroscopic with more traditional methods of studying cremated bone to examine Romano-British contexts, with the aim of better understanding funerary practices along the military frontier. Five Romano-British military sites from northern England (Beckfoot, Carlisle, Herd Hill, Lincoln and Malton) were studied, with remains excavated from a range of cinerary urn contexts. Despite the known heterogeneity of the ethnic composition of the Roman army, analyses revealed a surprising consistency with respect to the cremation practice, implying shared knowledge of pyre procedure and, possibly, a prescribed funerary practice amongst military communities in the Roman North. The consistency within these five northern provincial sites in Britain stands in contrast to cremation contexts from Roman sites elsewhere in Europe, as well as other periods of the British past. The associated material culture recovered from these cremation deposits, however, does provide evidence for differences in dress and bodily display. This contrasts with the homogeneity of the cremation technology and highlights the importance of these individualizing features for signalling identity amongst Roman military communities in Britain.

Analytic potentials are built for all four 2S+1Πu/g states of Li2 dissociating to Li(2S) + Li(3P): 3b(33Πu), 3B(31Πu), 3C(31Πg), and 3d(33Πg). These potentials include the effect of spin-orbit coupling for large internuclear distances, and include state of the art long-range constants. This is the first successful demonstration of fully analytic diatomic potentials that capture features that are usually considered too difficult to capture without a point-wise potential, such as multiple minima, and shelves. Vibrational energies for each potential are presented for the isotopologues 6,6Li2, 6,7Li2, 7,7Li2, and the elusive `halo nucleonic molecule' 11,11Li2. These energies are claimed to be accurate enough for new high-precision experimental setups such as the one presented in {[}Sebastian \emph{et al.} Phys. Rev. A, \textbf{90}, 033417 (2014){]} to measure and assign energy levels of these electronic states, all of which have not yet been explored in the long-range region. Measuring energies in the long-range region of these electronic states may be significant for studying the ab initio vs experiment discrepancy discussed in [Tang et al. Phys. Rev. A, 84, 052502 (2014)] for the C3 long-range constant of Lithium, which has significance for improving the SI definition of the second.

Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is a synthetic Ferrimagnetic material. YIG is cubic in structure; having space group Ia3d. In YIG, out of 5 Fe 3+ ions, 3 Fe ions occupy tetrahedral site and 2 Fe ions occupy octahedral site. Difference in the spin orientation of the Fe 3+ ions present in tetrahedral and octahedral sites results in the origin of the magnetic properties of YIG. Yttrium iron garnet with the empirical formula Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 has been synthesized by regular ceramic route and sintering at 1200˚C for 30 minutes using microwave furnace. The structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized YIG are performed by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction pattern revealed pure YIG phase as reported by Musa et al [1]. The crystallite size from the Scherrer equation is found to be 2.82Å. A saturation magnetization of 16.88emu/g is achieved by VSM.

This study examines and compares the structural and rheological properties of succinoglycan exopolysaccharide made by fermentation of sucrose or date syrup at identical temperature, pH, and total soluble solid. Using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and rotational viscometery structural and rheological properties of prepared exopolysaccharides were assessed. The variables under studies were biogum concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% w/w), temperature (5, 25 and 40°C), and pH (2.5, 4.0, 7.0, and 10.0). Results revealed that the quantity of exopolysaccharide produced in the date syrup (DSE) medium was three to five times greater than that of sucrose (SE) medium. The biogums exhibited non-Newtonian, shear-thinning behavior, and the viscosity of DSE was higher than SE at all tested concentrations. The TLC and FTIR spectroscopy assessments designated that the biogum is composed of glucose and galactose units, carrying a carboxylic group and indicated the presence of succinoglycan. The outcomes of this study could be useful to food industries seeking low cost biogum.