FEM

The performance of flexible pavement vehicle varying its depth with vertical wheel load to analysis its distresses. The objective of this project is to determine the performance is of flexible pavement like rutting and fatigue on varying depth of subgrade with and without of reinforcement material subjected to vehicle wheel load. In this research the next step is to find out the laterite soil properties and applying the standard wheel load and single axle wheel load on varying thickness of subgrade. The analysis of both the soil which is used in subgrade murum and laterite is carried out with and without geosynthetic material to obtain minimum depth of subgrade which reduce the material cost moreover construction cost. The model number two is found to be more suitable as compared with other models when compared with the different results in terms of the total deformation, elastic strain and normal stress in the case of murum without geosynthetic material case.

Abstract The thermal subsystem of spacecrafts and payloads is always designed with the help of Thermal Mathematical Models. In the case of the Thermal Lumped Parameter (TLP) method, the non-linear system of equations that is created is solved to calculate the temperature distribution and the heat power that goes between nodes. The accuracy of the results depends largely on the appropriate calculation of the conductive and radiative conductances. Several established methods for the determination of conductive conductances exist but they present some limitations for complex geometries. Two new methods are proposed in this paper to calculate accurately these conductive conductances: The Extended Far Field method and the Mid-Section method. Both are based on a finite element calculation but while the Extended Far Field method uses the calculation of node mean temperatures, the Mid-Section method is based on assuming specific temperature values. They are compared with traditionally used methods showing the advantages of these two new methods.

Digital geoinformation for the surface and subsurface is virtually never integrated in civil engineering projects. Reasons are that the surface information is gathered by different person’s and that the subsurface information is in different formats from the surface information. Likelihood and uncertainty of subsurface models is not quantifiable. To quantify the likelihood and correctness of the subsurface information the civil engineer would have to have full access to the original data, which is not available due to the none integration of the data. In the last 10 years considerable progress has been made in use of geographic information systems but the progress in the integration of data and the addressing of likelihood of subsurface data is limited.

Uncertainties associated with modelling of deteriorating bridges strongly affect management decisions, such as inspection, maintenance and repair actions. These uncertainties can be reduced by the effective use of health monitoring systems, through which information regarding in situ performance can be incorporated in the management of bridges.The objectives of this paper are twofold; first, an improved chloride induced deterioration model for concrete bridges is proposed that can quantify degradation in performance soon after chlorides are deposited on the bridge, rather than when initiation of corrosion at the reinforcement level takes place. As a result, the implications of introducing proactive health monitoring can be assessed using probabilistic durability criteria. Thus, the second objective of the paper is to present a methodology for performance updating of deteriorating concrete bridges fitted with a proactive health monitoring system.This methodology is illustrated via a simple example of a typical bridge element, such as a beam or a part of a slab. The results highlight the benefits from introducing ‘smart’ technology in managing bridges subject to deterioration, and quantify the reduction in uncertainties and their subsequent effect on predictions of future bridge performance.

Landmines are one of the earliest & deadliest devices used in military to destroy enemy targets. Mines are deployed in various terrains and hence the extraction of mines could be a challenging task. Under such circumstances, an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) with a rocker bogie mechanism would be able to accomplish the given task. Hence, a UGV with rocker bogie mechanism has been designed for the purpose of landmine extraction. The designed UGV is driven by two motors. One motor mounted to the wheels is responsible for the linear movement and the other is responsible for the steering. The rocker bogie mechanism is a six wheel standard design which acts as the suspension system that works in tandem with the dif erential and helps in rolling and maneuvering of the UGV in all terrains. The robotic arms and end ef ectors are designed for the extraction of the land mine. The End effector has two tools viz. drill bit and robotic grip. The drill bit helps in drilling all around the mine and the grip picks up the mine from the pit. The UGV is designed based on various design calculations and modelled using Autodesk Fusion 360 Software. The 3D model is further analyzed using Ansys Workbench software by simulating the various loads acting on the critical joints. At the end of the study it was found that the designed model did not prove any kind of failure during the simulations.

The goal of this study is to obtain globally optimum shapes for two-dimensional structures subject to quasi-static loads and restraints. For this purpose a technique is proposed, using which the volume (or weight) of a structure can be minimized. The emphasis is on how one can define the shape precisely, and find a shape that accurately reflects the globally optimum shape.

As design constraints, stresses developed in the structure should not exceed the maximum allowable stress, and connectivity of the structure should not be lost during shape changes. Optimization is achieved by a stochastic search algorithm called direct simulated annealing (DSA), which seeks the global minimum through randomly generated configurations. In order to obtain random configurations, a boundary variation technique is used. In this technique, a set of key points is chosen and connected by cubic splines to describe the boundary of the structure. Whenever the positions of the key points are changed in random directions, a new shape is obtained. Thus, coordinates of the key points serve as design variables. In order to apply the optimization procedure, a general computer code was developed using ANSYS Parametric Design Language. A number of cases were examined to test its effectiveness. The results show that this technique can be applied to two-dimensional shape optimization problems with high reliability even for cases where the entire free boundary is allowed to vary.

Optimization of process parameters in sheet metal forming is an important task to reduce manufacturing cost. To determine the optimum values of the process parameters, it is essential to find their influence on the deformation behaviour of the sheet metal. The significance of three important process parameters namely, die radius, blank holder force and friction coefficient on the deep-drawing characteristics of a stainless steel axi-symmetric cup was determined. Finite element method combined with Taguchi technique form a refined predictive tool to determine the influence of forming process parameters. The Taguchi method was employed to identify the relative influence of each process parameter considered in this study. A reduced set of finite element simulations were carried out as per the Taguchi orthogonal array. Based on the predicted thickness distribution of the deep drawn circular cup and analysis of variance test, it is evident that die radius has the greatest influence on the deep drawing of stainless steel blank sheet followed by the blank holder force and the friction coefficient. Further, it is shown that a blank holder force application and local lubrication scheme improved the quality of the formed part.

The article attempts to model a static tensile test of a sample made of aluminum alloy AW 5083. For this purpose, mechanical tests were carried out on samples in accordance with PN-EN ISO 6892-1_2010P on a Zwick Roell testing machine. At the same time, three-point bending tests were performed on properly prepared samples to determine the Poisson's ratio. Obtained test results allowed to carry out simulation tests of stress distribution in the sample using the finite element method using MSC Software Patran. The model and simulation were made taking into account the sample geometry, material properties, boundary conditions and load. A comparative analysis of the value of results obtained from experimental tests of sample stretching with numerical calculations was performed.

A center stand is a device on a bicycle or motorcycle that allows the bike to be kept upright without leaning against another object or the aid of a person. A center stand is usually a made of metal that comes down from the frame and makes contact with the ground. It is generally located in the middle of the bike or towards the rear. Some touring bicycles have two: one at the rear, and a second in the front. A new standing device which replaces center stand using external power which reduces human effort is being proposed. An existing center stand is modified by using electrical and mechanical components at optimum cost. The different mechanical parameters of stand are analyzed using Computational software and the best model is selected for fabrication.

The present work is concerned with studying the effect of electrical
discharge machining (EDM) and powder mixing electrical discharge
machining (PMEDM) parameters (pulse current, pulse on time,) using
copper and graphite electrodes on the output response performance
characteristics.
These responses were the induced surface residual stresses, the
material removal rate (MMR), the tool wear ratio (TWR), the workpiece
surface roughness (SR), the white layer thickness (WLT), the total heat flux generated, the workpiece fatigue life and safety factors.
Response surface methodology (RSM) and the design of experiment
(DOE) were used to plan and design the experimental work matrices for
four groups of experiments, two EDM groups using kerosene dielectric
alone, where the second was treated by the shot blast peening processes after EDM machining. The third and fourth groups were done by adding the SiC or graphite micro powders mixing to dielectric fluid (PMEDM). To verify the experimental results, the analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to predict the EDM and PMEDM performance models for high carbon high chromium AISI D2 die steel in terms of empirical equations. The total heat flux generated, the workpiece fatigue life in terms of safety factors after EDM and PMEDM models were developed by FEM using ANSYS 15.0 software.
The results showed that the copper electrodes induce lower tensile
surface residual stresses by (15.38%) than when using the graphite
electrodes with the kerosene dielectric alone, by (7.51%) and (40.0%) with SiC and graphite powders, respectively and by (33%) with shot blast
peening processes. Using the copper electrodes and graphite powder reduced the induced tensile residual stresses by (79.3%) and (82.6 %) when compared with using kerosene dielectric alone or with SiC powder,
respectively. When the graphite electrodes were used with graphite powder, the MRR was improved by (174%) with respect to the value obtained when using copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone.
The best results of (TWR) were obtained when using the graphite
electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone reached (0.1023 %). This result
improved the TWR by (320%) with respect to the corresponding value
obtained when using copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone.
The best result obtained when using the graphite electrodes and
graphite mixing powder, which improved the SR by (41%) and (92%)
compared with using copper electrodes with kerosene dielectric alone and SiC powder, respectively. Using the copper electrodes and shot blast peening after EDM improved the SR when using longer shot peening time (60 min.) by (60.24%) compared with using copper electrodes without shot peening treatments.
The copper and graphite electrodes and the SiC powder improved the
SR by (134%) and (110%), respectively compared with the using of the
same electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone.
The WLT reaches its minimum values as (8.34 􀂗m) when using
graphite electrodes, where this means an improvement by (40.0 %) when
comparing with the using of copper electrodes. The lowest WLT values of (5.0 micro-m.) and (5.57 micro-m.) using the copper and graphite electrodes and the SiC powder, respectivelly. This means an improvement by (134%) and (67%) when compared with the using of the copper and graphite electrodes and kerosene dielectric alone, respectively
The graphite electrodes gave a higher total heat flux than copper
electrodes by (82.4 %) when using kerosene dielectric alone. While, using
the SiC powder and graphite electrodes gave a higher total heat flux than
copper electrodes by (91.5 %) and by (285.3 %) and (602.7 %) than using
the copper and graphite electrodes and the kerosene dielectric alone,
respectively.
The fatigue life in terms of experimental safety factor with respect to
as received material using graphite electrodes after EDM and shot blast
peening increased with increasing the shot peening time by (19.10%) and (23.26%) compared with results without using the shot blast peening when using the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively.
The graphite electrodes with shot peening processes improved
fatigue stresses at (10^6 cycles) by (19.58 %) and (23.71 %) compared with the copper and graphite electrodes without shot peening processes,
respectively.
The graphite electrodes with PMEDM and SiC powder improved the
experimental fatigue safety factor by (7.30 %) compared with the use of
copper electrodes and by (14.61%) and (18.61%) compared with results
using the kerosene dielectric alone with copper and graphite electrodes,
respectively.
The copper electrodes with graphite powder improved the
experimental fatigue safety factor by (30.38 %) compared with the using of graphite electrodes and by (15.73 %) and (19.77 %) compared with results of group (2) using the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively. The copper electrodes with graphite powder improved the fatigue stresses at (10^6 cycles) by (26.36 %) compared with the using of graphite electrodes and gave a higher fatigue life than the situation when working without mixing powder by (15.83 %) and (19.83 %) using the copper and graphite electrodes, respectively.
Finally, there is a good agreement between the experimental results
and the corresponding values verified by using the optimization process for all cases regarding the input parameters of the EDM and PMEDM
processes, and this proves the accuracy of the models developed by the
RSM and FEM using ANSYS software.

— The sandwich construction has been recognized as a promising concept for structural design of light weight systems such as wings of aircraft; purpose to design a lightweight sandwich panel for trailers. Strength calculations, skin instability and selection of materials were carried out in order to find a new solution for this specific application. The sandwich panel consists of 2 layers of face sheets, with ply 1 has 0.3 mm thickness & ply 2 has 0.1 mm thickness and core is present between top and bottom face sheets which has 19.2 mm (Mono-core) and 9.4 mm (Multi-core) thickness. The sandwich composite panels mono core and multi core testing performed by MSC Nastran/Patran MARC software to simplify the core material selection process and to design the layers , static 4-point bending test , compression test, tensile test and shear test are executed by finite element method pre-process perform using MSC PATRAN solved in NASTRAN MARC software and engross behaviour of mono core and multi core panel , grounded on result obtained from the four point bending test, compression test and shear test of glass fibre plastic (GFRP) laminates ,preeminent sandwich structure in mono core and multi core predicted.

A multi-stage, cylindrical launcher is being tested to demonstrate electrically-contactless, induction-launch technology for solenoidal coil geometry. The field model was developed by using the finite element method (FEM). This paper presents an analysis and optimal design of a capacitor-driven inductive coilgun to survey the effect of coils' switching position on velocity of projectile.

The aim of the study is design tube and box heat exchanger with various pattern of
tubes and examine the flow and temperature field at inlet and outlet point of tube and
container using ANSYS programming tool. Three types of heat exchangers are
planned in this examination with various structures of cylinders contains of 175 mm
breadth and 1000 mm length shell measurement 175 mm. To expand the rate of heat
exchange of heat exchanger advancement is done which tries to distinguish the best
parameter combination of heat exchangers. The prefix parameter (tube width) is
utilized as an info variable and the yield parameter is the most extreme temperature
distinction of container and tube heat exchanger. Three types models are design on
the basis tubes varieties of heat exchanger and CFX examination is completed in
ANSYS 14.0.

This paper presents a bolt modeling techniques and a simulation analysis of bolted joint deformations. The bolt pretension force, friction coefficient and contact stiffness factor are considered as parameters which are influencing the joint deformation. This paper describes the simple approach, how to design bolted joints for shear and bending loaded condition in FEA. The research on Analyse Bolted joints subjected to preload, shear & bending loads in order to evaluate Failure stresses, deformations, Slipping during preload, Contact pressure & sliding behaviour. The stresses in the bolts of the bolted flange joint of the nozzle of stacked heat exchanger so that bolts/studs should not be failed during proof resistance test.

The application of load acting on a connecting rod during the combustion of fuel, often leads to the failure of the connecting rod and engine case. In this study, a connecting rod was designed based on selected dimensions and material in SOLIDWORKS tool. The connecting rod structural failure analysis under tension load has been carried out using SOLIDWORKS Finite Element Analysis (FEA) tool with aluminum alloy (AL2024) and grey cast iron material. The results show that with the selected design parameters and material, higher stresses are induced in the middle region (I-section) of the connecting rod if it is made of grey cast iron. The deformation of the model made of grey cast iron is also worse than the AL2024. The elongation of grey cast iron material is higher than the Al2024 by 0.1634 mm, and 0.14947 mm in Al2024 material. This study concluded that for better connecting rod design, the aluminum alloy Al2024 is a suitable material with very light weight and high tensile strength under 20kN load.

A study of an existing B-pillar was conducted to examine the changes required to increase the lateral load carrying capability by a factor of ten. A finite element optimization package was used to adjust the geometric and material characteristics simultaneously while minimizing weight. The results show that the weight and cost necessary for the ten-fold improvement in lateral load carrying capability were very low. Further, the results illustrate how structural design optimization with finite element modeling can be effectively utilized to create cost effective elements for use in an integrated occupant protection system.