Expressions

In this article we written about the dif erence between concept and understanding, language, culture and thought of the usage measuring relationships. The sematic paradigm of the language, using word etymology detection, layers of language. Importance of proverbs that how can be used as a linguistically or culturally as a example of Korean and Uzbek countries. It has been studied that these concepts exist in the system, it is derived from other concepts, if it is separated from the system, it gives a wrong idea about the object under study.

Human saliva plays a pivotal role in digesting food and maintaining oral hygiene. The presence of electrolytes, mucus, glycoproteins, enzymes, antibacterial compounds, and gingival crevicular fluid in saliva ensures the optimum condition of oral cavity and general health condition. Saliva collection has been proven non-invasive, convenient, and inexpensive compared to conventional venipuncture procedure. These distinctive advantages provide a promising potential of saliva as a diagnostic fluid. Through comprehensive analysis, an array of salivary proteins and peptides may be beneficial as biomarkers in oral and systemic diseases. In this review, we discuss the utility of human salivary proteomes and tabulate the recent salivary biomarkers found in subjects with acute myocardial infarction as well as respective methods employed. In a clinical setting, since acute myocardial infarction contributes to large cases of mortality worldwide, an early intervention using these biomarkers will provide an effective solution to reduce global heart attack incidence particularly among its high-risk group of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. The utility of salivary biomarkers will make the prediction of this cardiac event possible due to its reliability hence improve the quality of life of the patients. Current challenges in saliva collection are also addressed to improve the quality of saliva samples and produce robust biomarkers for future use in clinical applications.

The third volume of the “Intercontinental Dialogue on Phraseology” series is a continuation of the project, which was inspired by the symposium "Phraseology 2009" organised by Professor Katsumasa Yagi at Kwansei Gakuin University in Nishinomiya, Japan. Thanks to the participation of scholars from Europe and Asia, the symposium enabled an intercontinental exchange of views on phraseology. The present volume is a result of a two-year cooperation of phraseologists from Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe. The volume starts with the section titled "Dialogue on Phraseology", which contains two papers by eminent phraseologists: Elisabeth Piirainen and Włodzimierz Wysoczański. Elisabeth Piirainen is an internationally recognised specialist in the field of phraseology, focussing on widespread idiomatic expressions, which are also discussed in her paper “Widespread idioms in Europe and beyond: New insights into figurative language". Włodzimierz Wysoczański does research on idiomatic stock of Slavic languages, who takes a special interest in cross-linguistic studies on similes. His paper, "Integralność we współczesnych badaniach frazeologicznych", deals with problems of contemporary analyses of phraseology. The section is followed by five parts, containing topically arranged papers. The first part, "Lexicography, Corpus Linguistics & Phraseology", contains five papers. Kaoru Akasu’s contribution, "On the Three Editions of the Kenkyusha’s Dictionary of English Collocations: A Comparative Analysis", contains a discussion on different editions of Kenkyusha dictionary of English collocations. The paper "Japanese idioms in corpus data and in dictionaries " by Priscilla Ishida offers an analysis of Japanese idioms in corpora and dictionaries. Outi Lauhakangas in her paper "On M. Kuusi’s database, type system and its challenges" presents Matti Kuusi database. Two papers deal with problems of lexicographic description: Alenka Vrbinc focuses on the inclusion of the dictionary presentation of meanings of fixed expressions in her paper titled "Phraseological units and the meaning: How is semantic information included in online dictionaries?", while Joanna Szerszunowicz, in her contribution "Cultural connotations of winged words in bilingual dictionaries", reflects on the place of cultural connotation in bilingual dictionaries. The second part, "General Linguistics & Phraseology", is composed of eight papers. In the paper “Wikipedia at its best – phraseological neologisms in Wikipedia discussions", Sabine Fiedler focuses on neologisms observed in Wikipedia discussions. The paper by Sergiusz Griniewicz, titled "Терминологические аспекты фразеологии", discusses the terminology. Elise Lopez dwells on an important problem occurring in a contrastive perspective: faux amis in phraseology. Her paper titled "A Study of Emic Proportions: Contextualising Phraseological False Friends" discusses the phenomenon in the emic perspective. Munzhedzi James Mafela’s contribution, "On the Phraseology of Tshiven da Idioms", contains a presentation of various aspects of idiomatic expressions used in the Tshivenda language. The paper by Ewa Młynarczyk, "Nazwy narzędzi jako podstawa metonimicznego obrazowania w przysłowiach i w swobodnych połączeniach wyrazowych", discusses the names of tools as a basis of metonymic imagery in proverbs and loose word combinations. Irina Naumova’s interest in the English Influence on Russian is reflected in her paper, titled "English Influence on Russian Phraseology (in the late eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries)", which contains an analysis of its selected examples of this impact. Magdalena Olejarnik analyses fixedness in mixed languages: her paper "Does phraseology exist in mixed languages? – A comparative study of verbal idioms in Standard Swahili and Sheng (a Swahili-English intertwined language)" contributes to the studies on the specifics of their phraseology. Makoto Sumiyoshi offers a in-depth analysis of the phrase Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me in his paper titled "Phrases, grammatical non-compositionality and functions in use: An analysis of Don’t ‘yes, sir’ me!”. The third part, "Ethnolinguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics & Phraseology", contains eight papers. In the paper "Traffic Metaphors in the Slovenian Language" Sasa Babić discusses how traffic-related issues are reflected in language, especially in fixed expressions. In her contribution "Woman in Estonian phraseology", Anneli Baran analyses how the woman is presented in the phraseological units of the Estonian language. Paola Capponi’s paper, "Forms of Threatening: Variants and Invariants", focuses on the threat as a linguistic phenomena. Elena V. Carter’s article “With An Open Heart: Somatic Idioms In Nikita Khrushchev’s Political Discourse In America" deals with somatic phraseology in N. Khruschev’s speeches delivered during his stay in the USA. The paper by Renata Dźwigoł, titled "Types of laughter – based on the analysis of Polish phraseological units and proverbs", contains a discussion of Polish fixed expression with a view to determining how different kinds of laughter are depicted. In the paper titled "Better working hard than yelling aloud: proverbs, metaphors and slogans in Chinese political discourse", Mariarosaria Gianninoto discusses Chinese formulaic language. Karolina Makowska’s article, titled "Analiza modyfikacji stałych połączeń wyrazowych w wypowiedziach Violetty Kubasińskiej z serialu BrzydUla", contains an analysis of the idiolect of a sitcom character who uses many modifications of fixed expressions. The phraseology of modern media are discussed by Jadwiga Tarsa who analyses Russian phraseological units in her paper titled "Фразеологизмы в Интернете – смесь традиции и современности". Four papers are included in the fourth part titled "The Contrastive Linguistics, Translation & Phraseology". The one by Edyta Koncewicz-Dziduch, "Deskryptywno-wartościujący charakter związków frazeologicznych z nazwami roślin w języku polskim, chorwackim, serbskim", aims to analyse the descriptive and evaluative character of phraseological units containing plant names in three languages: Polish, Croatian and Serbian. A contrastive analysis of a group of idiomatic expression is also presented by Laura Pinnavaia. In her paper "We are what we eat: Analyzing food and drink idioms in English, French, German, and Spanish", she discusses food and drink idioms in four languages. Sunil Sharma’s contribution also offers an insight into a problem of contrastive phraseology. His article "Kontrastive Untersuchung der Phraseologismen mit Gesichtsteilbezeichnungen im Deutschen und Hindi" contains an analysis of somatic phraseological units two languages: German and Hindi. Elena Zinovieva and Aleksiej Alyoshin focus on fixed comparisons in Russian and Swedish languages. Their paper titled "Русские и шведские устойчивые сравнения, характеризующие манеру речи человека" contains the analysis of the ones characterizing a person’s speech manner. The fifth part, "Cultural Studies, Language Teaching/Acquisition & Phraseology", comprises five papers. In the first article titled "Proverbial expressions and cultural context in archive materials" Liisa Granbom-Herranen shares her observations and remarks on using data for paremiography, especially in linguo-cultural analyses of proverbs. Three papers deal with problems from the sphere of language teaching and acquisition. In her paper "Phraseology and foreign language learning", Erla Hallsteinsdóttir offers a discussion on the role and place of phraseology in foreign language learning. Shin’ichiro Ishikawa’s paper analyses the use of phraseological units in oral and written texts produced by Asian students who learn English as a foreign language. The article by Krystyna Nikołajczuk "Najwyższy czas na frazeologię. Nauczanie polskich frazeologizmów o znaczeniu temporalnym w środowisku ukraińskojęzycznym", is devoted to teaching phraseology to learners of Polish as a foreign language in Ukraine. In his paper titled "Realia Nusantary w świetle indonezyjskiej frazeologii", Przemysław Wiatrowski discusses how the realia of a given ethnic community – in this case the Indonesian one – are reflected in phraseological stock.

A unique illustrated multi-language collection of Serbian/Bosnian/Croatian proverbs and sayings. Included:- Serbian/Bosnian/Croatian proverbs and sayings with their English, French and Russian equivalents.

- Close to 1200 proverbs and sayings in each language
- Over 130 illustrations
- Index of keywords in English, French and Russian for easier searching
- Old and modern expressions
- Close to 200 Latin sayings and expressions

Featuring sample pages.

UDK: 811.163.41(075)""poslovice""

The cognitive metaphorical motivation of idioms is one of the most treated subjects in English-language articles about teaching of idioms. In German-language phraseodidactic literature it is a rather rare phenomenon. The metaphorical motivation of several idiomatic expressions is undoubted. In this article we argue for their cognitive metaphorical motivation. It is hypothesized that the joint representation of several typical context examples, with idioms of the same conceptual metaphor, not only promotes the recognition and understanding of idioms but also the detection of cognitive metaphorical motivation of idioms. Context-sensitive tasks make a significant contribution to uncovering and learning the metaphorical idioms for learners of German as a foreign language. The learning-enhancing role of this method for the acquisition of idioms and their meanings are to be illustrated with the example of the conceptual metaphor LIFE IS A JOURNEY, the metaphorical idioms based on this conceptual metaphor, and an example worksheet.

This paper utilises the methodology of Conversation Analysis (CA hereafter) to report on the Spanish particle "pues" in Mexican Spanish talk. Two general sequential contexts are examined: 1) "pues"-prefacing in the second pair-part of an adjacency pair, i.e., in the second pair-part of an assessment sequence and in response to questions; and 2) turn-final "pues" and "pues" at the end of a turn-constructional unit. The analysis of assessment sequences shows that "pues" is used to treat the previous assessment as obvious and index epistemic independence; in addition, "pues" can be one of the elements used to formulate a delicate disagreement. In response to questions, "pues" either signals unstraightforwardness in answering or indicates that the answer is obvious which challenges the relevance of the question. Similarly, "pues", in response to challenges, prefaces the obvious actions to fulfil the request, making the response a riposte. Turn-final "pues" and "pues" at the end of the turn constructional unit mark repair after interactional trouble. Finally, in a news delivery sequence, "sí pues" treats the previous talk as not news for the recipient.

Extract from:

“Brushes, pens, pastels, pencils, became noble tools, expressive of thought, no less than chalk and blackboard or the alphabet itself, so radically cannibalised anew with each word one reads.”

- George Elliott Clarke
“Where Beauty Survived: An Africadian Memoir” (2021) pg.36-37

(“pastels” and “pencils” have inadvertently changed places: mea culpa!)

Let us suppose that you are a research linguist, tormented by some doubts and questions about the state of your profession, and not constrained by having to repeat a catechism of "known truths" to Linguistics 101 students, and not worried about employment tenure. How would you actually go about tackling "the central problem of linguistics", namely how we acquire and maintain knowledge of the probability of systemic relationships in a language?

This essay sheds light on habits, behaviours, and social practices, by focusing on the Southern Italian youth and their songs; more specifically, it deals with Calabria in the years between 1850 and the 1900s. Such samples – relics to us – allow to infer how men and women of that generation communicated within the archaic and highly hierarchical society they lived in. Sometimes through singing, the youth of Southern Italy found a way to bypass prohibitions and say what could not be normally said during everyday life. Since it is clearly impossible to hear performers’ original voices, this essay relies on examples of poetry and songs as they were perceived, interpreted and published by philologists, folklorists and anthropologists during the second half of the 1800s. Literature draws on folk song collectors such as Achille Canale, Raffaele De Leonardis, and Francesco De Simone Brouwer. The songs and poems taken into account deal with the topics of love and disdain (sdegno), while a smaller group of them deals with the themes of lontananza and spartenza. A combined analysis of folk songs and local literature (Vincenzo Padula, Luigi Accattatis, Cesare Lombroso, Caterina Pigorini Beri et al.) allows to better understand a context that was based on phenomena such as wooing strategies, kidnappings, ostentation of violence and other social events featured in folk songs, poetry and sayings.

Color terms are one of the constituents of Chomskey's substantive universals, and they exist in all languages. Colors usually bear cultural implications as well, since they are adopted to express intentions metaphorically. Colors may then become symbols that represent certain objects, emotions, facts, etc. of their environment. This culture oriented facet of color terms can create complexity in language learning process and also in the practice of translation. As languages share some basic concepts, and express them through different expressions and symbols, the interest of this study was to answer the following question: are there any shared concepts between English and Persian that are represented (symbolized) by different colors? By collecting a number of expressions which held color terms, the complexity of this territory of intercultural communication was demonstrated along with its impacts on second/foreign language learning and translation practice. Slight differences at the linguistic surface level can occasionally cause difficulties especially when the deep structure is the same in both languages and cultures. More specifically and for the purpose of this study, when the same concept is represented through different colors, this is likely to cause difficulties. Failing to communicate via appropriate surface structures is probable to lead to cultural shocks in the listener (in case of language communication) or reader ( in case of translation) ,and impedance in the interlingual communication flow.
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چکیده:
مطالعه حاضر به ترجمه اصطلاحات و ضرب المثلهایی پرداخت که در زبان انگلیسی و فارسی برای ارجاع به یک مفهوم مشترک بکار می روند اما در عنصر کلیدی و نمادین ارجاعی به همان مفهوم، متفاوتند. به عنوان مثال "موی سفید" در فارسی نشان تجربه و درایت زیاد در سن بالا  می باشد در صورتی که در انگلیسی گفته می شود "موی خاکستری".در این چنین مواردی، ترجمه اشتباه سبب شوک فرهنگی در خواننده مقصد میشود.




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The present paper concentrates on slight cultural differences that are usually over looked in translation. The result of such overlook is cultural shock in the readership. In this study the focus was specifically on the translation of expressions and idioms that contained color terms, and whose translation had to contain a color term to express the shared main concept. (in other words, there is one concept shared between two languages, yet expressed via not the exact same, but similar color : like "wisdom" which is represented by "grey" in English and "white" in Persian).This comparative, qualitative study was done between English and Persian. The results are applicable in other fields too, like language teaching, and cultural studies."

Background: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients at risk for
developing Alzheimer’s disease frequently show subtle semantic
memory deficits. The aim of this study is to investigate how early
semantic impairments extend to words having recently entered
the lexicon, in order to provide new clinical cues to discriminate
between patients with MCI, AD and controls.
Method: Semantic abilities of patients with AD (n ¼ 12), amnestic
MCI (n ¼ 12) as well as healthy controls (n ¼ 12) were measured
with the NewWord Questionnaire (NWQ), including 22 words that
entered the French dictionary 2 or 12 years ago. The NWQ assesses
the abilities (1) to give definitions for these words, (2) to decide
which of three definitions is accurate, and (3) to choose which of
two sentences containing the word is correct. Quantitative and
qualitative analysis of responses were carried out by distinguishing
conceptual definitions from operational definitions in terms of use
and quotations from examples.
Results: Patients with MCI demonstrate lower performance than
controls in the 3 tasks. Their pattern of performance is characterized
by difficulties discriminating the accurate definition rather than
selecting the correct context. This difference increases in patients
with AD. In addition, patients with MCI often provide examples in
order to compensate for their conceptual difficulties, whereas
patients with AD fail to use this strategy. Finally, the transition to AD changes the pattern of correlations between performance in the
NWQ, episodic memory, and executive functioning.
Conclusion: The NWQ may be useful to characterize the cognitive
profile associated with MCI and to assess AD conversion.

Reproducibility, which belongs to key terms in phraseological studies, is the focal issue of the conference, which will aim at offering an insight into this quality from a phraseological perspective by trying to provide answers to the following questions: What does the term reproducibility – of which several definitions exist – really mean in phraseological studies? How can reproducible language units be detected and analysed in corpora? How should they be described in mono-and bilingual dictionaries? What is their importance from the translational point of view? How to view them from a didactic perspective? How to discuss them in a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural context? The list is not exhaustive and all proposals related to the notions of fixedness and phraseology are most welcome. The conference is not limited to the main subject and proposals of section presentations and posters on other phraseological issues are also planned. Persons who would like to organize special topic section and/or workshops are encouraged to send their proposals (one has to send the section or workshop abstract, the name of the chairperson and the names of participants along with the titles of their presentations).

"This paper examines the applicability of the combination of data types in a study of German idioms of life with the tools of cognitive metaphor theory. The data sources for conceptual metaphors were mainly metaphors found in the relevant literature. These metaphors are of introspective nature to a great extent. The primary data sources for metaphorical expressions were dictionaries that represent introspective data, too. These data have been complemented by corpus data. The paper discusses
the problems of introspective and corpus data raised by the study of German idioms of life. Two case studies demonstrate the advantages of the combination of data and methods."

What is an idiom? The answer is both complex and fuzzy. This short paper is a colloquial discussion that begins with a student inquiry about learning idioms and progresses to the realization that idioms are an indeterminate category which raise deep questions about the nature of collocation and cognitive language processing.

XML and its associated languages are emerging as powerful authoring tools for multimedia and hypermedia web content. Furthermore intelligent presentation generation engines have begun to appear as have models and platforms for adaptive presentations. However XML-based models are limited by their lack of expressiveness in presentation and animation. As a result authors of dynamic adaptive web content must often use considerable amounts of script or code. The use of such script or code has two serious drawbacks. First ...

The author has collected over a thousand words, idioms and expressions, often unique and humorous, originating from the Herzegovinian city of Mostar and included the explanation of their meaning and/or usage. Many original expressions were inspired by its inhabitants and local situations:

usta k’o Tokića pekara; napet k’o Mujini tregeri; glava k’o Rondo; vodati se k’o Jure i Neda; objesićemo zube o čiviluk; pala muha na međeda; jedan se oteg’o, drugi se proteg’o; taj ti vjetar čorbu hladio; ćafetli; dočekuša; krmeljuša …

… tek su neki od preko hiljadu riječi i izraza – često šaljivih bisera mostarske mudrosti – sakupljenih za ovo izdanje. Ova će knjiga, kao svjedok jednog govora i doba, neke čitaoce podsjetiti, neke nasmijati, a posebno mlađim generacijama u dijaspori, poslužiti kao dodatni izvor informacija o (nesuđenom) rodnom gradu.

This illustrated bilingual collection contains:
1000-plus words, idioms and expressions used in Mostar or originated from Mostar
over 40 illustrations
explanations, examples and anecdotes in Bosnian
equivalents or short explanations in English

A combination of slang, local jargon, children talk, old and forgotten words and unique local expressions, many of them examples of local humour and wit. The content of this book is sure to amuse or inspire many.

2nd updated edition of the collection of words, idioms and expressions from Mostar, updated to include more words and more illustrations.

Original title: NA DUNJALUKU SVAŠTA: 1000 i kusur mostarizama (Mostar, 2019)

Featuring sample pages.

Social media is a platform where people from any corner of the world share their opinions with each other. Thus current era is called as social media era. Social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter plays an important role in information retrieval and web data analysis. In a survey it is found that Twitter produces more than 500 million of tweets each day which is about 8 TB of data which can be mined and sentiments analysis can be carried out. The purpose of mining and exacting opinions is to discover and categorize the positive and negative sentiments of society. So as there is a huge repository of data, clustering is efficient and quick way to study people's expression and get a conclusion. This paper surveys the different mining techniques to carry out opinions and sentiments analysis and represent it to the best way based on subjectivity and polarity.

In this article we written about the difference between concept and understanding, language, culture and thought of the usage measuring relationships. The sematic paradigm of the language, using word etymology detection, layers of language. Importance of proverbs that how can be used as a linguistically or culturally as a example of Korean and Uzbek countries. It has been studied that these concepts exist in the system, it is derived from other concepts, if it is separated from the system, it gives a wrong idea about the object under study.

ISBN : 978-2-7637-8625-4

Préface de André Clair.

Kierkegaard est un penseur du langage. Dans ses Papiers, il note que derrière toute parole se tient un silence, une idéalité «que l'homme a reçue gratuitement», et dont l'usage exprime un agir. Or ce rappel d'une vieille vérité, au moins aussi vieille que Pythagore, a plongé Kierkegaard dans un problème nouveau. Car, si la philosophie veut tout dire, elle oublie que l'essentiel ne se dit pas, ce qui ne veut pas dire qu'il ne s'exprime pas. Ainsi est-il amené à penser une dialectique de la distance cherchant à illustrer les expressions de cette intériorité qui ne peut se dire directement sans se perdre. Abandonnant Hegel, il interprète Hamann. Ce choix permet à Kierkegaard de montrer que, si le langage, par la distance qu'il pose, falsifie l'éthique, il peut aussi la réhabiliter dans une «seconde éthique». Le Danois forge le problème qui animera toute l'éthique du XXe siècle. Car c'est cet enjeu, au centre des Oeuvres de Wittgenstein, de Gadamer et de Lévinas, qui consiste à cerner les limites du langage, qu'il analyse. Or, père du problème, Kierkegaard peut nous réapprendre quelque chose que notre modernité a tendance à refuser. C'est qu'en niant l'intériorité, en l'obligeant à vouloir dire ou en la séparant de l'autre, la pensée contemporaine a perdu la clef de l'éthique. Cette clef réside en ceci: il faut d'abord accepter de se taire pour réentendre la parole qui s'exprime au fond de nous, en secret, et qui seule assure la genèse de la subjectivité dans sa quête de vérité.

XML and its associated languages are emerging as powerful authoring tools for multimedia and hypermedia web content. Furthermore, intelligent presentation generation engines have begun to appear, as have models and platforms for adaptive presentations. However, XML-based models are limited by their lack of expressiveness in presentation and animation. As a result, authors of dynamic, adaptive web content must often use

We apply intensional logic to the semantics of anAlgol-like programming language. This associateswith expressions their senses, or meanings relative to"possible worlds", here interpreted as machine states.These meanings lie in the semantic domains of a higherorder typed intensional logic.The great advantage of this approach is that it preservescompositionality of the meaning function, evenin "opaque contexts".Earlier work in this direction, by Janssen

Kali ini mari kita bahas bagaimana memanipulasi teks, baik itu dalam tabel atribut, pengaturan label, hingga keterangan dalam layout peta. Beberapa expressions untuk memanipulasi teks memiliki kemiripan dengan yang biasa kita gunakan dalam formula/rumus Microsoft Excel, jadi mungkin bakal banyak yang tidak asing.

Baca Selengkapnya : https://spasialkan.com/2021/01/25/qgis-expressions-manipulasi-text-string

#QGIS #Expressions #QGISExpressions #Indonesia #Spasialkan #Excel #Teks #Text #String #ManipulasiTeks

Most programming languages have certain phrases (like expressions) which only read information from the state and certain others (like commands) which write information to the state. These are called passive and active phrases respectively. Semantic models which make these distinctions have been hard to find. For instance, most semantic models have expression denotations that (temporarily) change the state. Common reasoning principles, such as the Hoare's assignment axiom, are not valid in such models. We define here a semantic model which captures the notions of “change”, “absence of change” and “independent change” etc. This is done by extending the author's “linear logic model of state” with dependence/independence relations so that sequential traces give way to pomset traces

In this paper I echo and discuss the husserlian thesis according to which , from t h e philosophical viewpoint, study of knowledge could be confused with the study either of necessary previous conditions or of its consequences (See, for example, Husserl 1En este artículo repito y analizo la tesis husserliana según la cual, desde el punto de vista filosófico, el estudio del conocimiento podría confundirse con el estudio de las condiciones previas necesarias o de sus consecuencias (véase, por ejemplo, Huss