Expert Systems

This article examines how 'safety case' experts working on Finland’s nuclear waste repository project at Olkiluoto summoned, conjured, or channeled memories of Seppo—a deceased colleague whose ‘specter,’ as some put it, still ‘haunts’ their scientific community. For some, Seppo’s postmortem presence manifested as gaps in knowledge left behind by an expert often reluctant to document the methodological assumptions underlying his knowledge-practices. For others, it manifested as anecdotes about Seppo’s stubbornness, irritability, and intellectual intensity as well as his more jovial demeanor during sauna nights, workplace parties, or trips abroad. Still others caught themselves asking ‘What Would Seppo Do?’ while troubleshooting at work. Inspired by anthropological and philosophical work on ancestors and haunting, the article unpacks how the multi-millennial time horizons of nuclear waste risk, the intergenerational time horizons of expert succession, and the everyday time horizons of a single expert life-course shared entwined fates. It focuses less on what knowledge disappeared when an expert’s body died – or how it could have been preventatively backed-up or managed – and more on what has lived on of the expert in and through surviving colleagues. Analysis of 'afterlives of expertise' like these can, it concludes, provide insights for a current moment of intergenerational transition in nuclear energy sectors in Europe, North America, and beyond.

Focusing on experts in technology and science, ‘Building Europe on Expertise’ delivers a new reading of European history. The authors show that modern European history was defined by experts using their new knowledge to shape societies, set political agendas and establish research institutions and agendas which proved decisive in integrating the continent.

A mechanical device or system that can think and look, observe, hear, walk, speak and feel like a human can be developed using a knowledge-based technique known as the expert system. The expert system can be integrated with robotics to connect human intelligence to machines to perform intelligent work like that of humans by incorporating functions such as reasoning, knowledge/intelligence and problem-solving. The methods implemented in expert systems were examined in this article as well as the review of the literature of the different applications of expert systems in the field of robotics. In this article, articles with a keyword index and articles from several literature reviews are discussed to explore the various applications of the expert system. Different types of expert systems are also presented in this article, P. B. Rules for expert systems based on knowledge and expert systems based on diffuse properties, properties and characteristics of the expert system and its advantages.

The aim of this research was to develop an intelligent system for pasteurised milk quality assessment and prediction that could help the quality decision makers to assess and predict the pasteurised milk quality. Utilizing Expert System and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which called SINKUAL-SP, did these analyses. The reasoning strategy used was “Forward Chaining” and the tracing method used was “Best First Search”. Certainty Factor (CF) was used for handling uncertainty. Multi-layer neural network architecture was used. The suited activation function was Sigmoid Bipolar, which gave the best performance network with learning rate 0.005 and momentum 0.9 together with RMSE, MSE and SSE as an error criterion. The validation for neural network indicated the conformity between the output of neural network and the goal output with RMSE value of 0.0099. The system was verified and validated by using real data collected from pasteurised milk and milk Products Company at West Java, Indone...

In vitro chemical safety testing methods offer the potential for efficient and economical tools to provide relevant assessments of human health risk. To realize this potential, methods are needed to relate in vitro effects to in vivo responses, i.e., in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). Currently available IVIVE approaches need to be refined before they can be utilized for regulatory decision-making. To explore the capabilities and limitations of IVIVE within this context, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development and the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods co-organized a workshop and webinar series. Here, we integrate content from the webinars and workshop to discuss activities and resources that would promote inclusion of IVIVE in regulatory decision-making. We discuss properties of models that successfully generate predictions of in vivo doses from effective in vitro concent...

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate pathological processes, yet their potential roles in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) are poorly understood. To profile transcriptionally dysregulated lncRNAs in PTC and identify lncRNAs associated with clinicopathological characteristics. We performed RNA sequencing of 12 paired PTC tumors and matched noncancerous tissues and correlated the expression of lncRNAs with clinical parameters. The 2 most significantly dysregulated lncRNAs were studied in an Ohio PTC cohort (n=109) and in PTC data (n=497) from TCGA. A combination of laboratory-based studies and computational analysis using clinical data and samples and a publically available database. Correlation between expression values and clinical parameters. We identified 218 lncRNAs showing differential expression in PTC (fold change ≥2.0, p value <0.01). Significant correlation was observed between the expression of two lncRNAs (XLOC_051122 and XLOC_006074) and (i) lymph node metastasis (...

Expert Systems (ES) is increasing its importance, impacting not only personal life but also professional life and its workplace. With ES's growing impact on tax areas, tasks of tax practitioners will change and progress. In addition to financial, legal and tax knowledge, these workers will need to develop and apply technical and analytical knowledge for the use of ES. This research proposal proposes to study the relationship between the presence of ES in taxation and the skills that the labour market imposes. The aim of this study is not only to identify the skills required for technological work within taxation, but also to build and validate a model that contributes to an improvement in the ability to predict workers' ability to adapt to new work demands.

Historically, engineers at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) had few opportunities or incentives to share their technical expertise across the Agency. Its centerand projectfocused culture often meant that knowledge never left organizational and geographic boundaries. With increasingly complex missions, the closeout of the Shuttle Program, and a new generation entering the workforce, developing a knowledge sharing culture became critical. To address this need, the Office of the Chief Engineer established communities of practice on the NASA Engineering Network. These communities were strategically aligned with NASA’s core competencies in such disciplines as avionics, flight mechanics, life support, propulsion, structures, loads and dynamics, human factors, and guidance, navigation, and control. This paper describes the process used to identify and develop communities, from establishing simple websites that compiled discipline-specific resources to fostering a kn...

Leishmaniasis is neglected tropical a protozoan infectious disease caused by Leishmania parasites. VL (also known as Kala-Azar) is the most severechronicform of Leishmaniasis, almost always fatal if untreated. The annual burden of VL in Ethiopia is estimated to be between 4,500 and 5,000 cases. In a medical environment, incomplete information and imprecise are driven to making an incorrect medical decision and maximize the rate of morbidity and mortality. Fuzzy logic technology enables to provide a simple way to attain to a certain conclusion from vague, imprecise and ambiguous medical data. Clinical suspicion of VL is complex because of its clinical manifestation are shared by other commonly occurring tropical disease like malaria, typhoid and tuberculosis.Several studies were conducted on VL, nevertheless, no one addresses the VL diagnosis using learning capacity. This thesis, we developed and investigated the application of an intelligent interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Expert System for diagnosis Visceral Leishmaniasis (VLDES) to assist health workers easy diagnosis a patient and decision-makers to prevent the expansion epidemic. The Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System would be clear to present a highly interpretable and transparent model that is very suitable for the handling uncertainties in the input factors and converting the accumulated data to linguistic formats. First we acquired well organized domain expert knowledge via interview questions and relevant document from the university of Gondar Kala-Azar Treatment and Research center. Secondly, we defined the parameters of fuzzy membership functions of Type-1 Fuzzy Logic System mentioned based on domain knowledge with intensive discussion. Finally, we employed to define uncertainty of the Footprint of Uncertainty (FOU) percentage of Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic System. We obtained 93.33% classification accuracy, 90%+ sensitivity and 96%+ specificity usingthirty patients (5 mild,5 moderate, 10 sever and 10 very sever VL patients)as testing case. This show that the proposed Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Classification System provides a more interpretable model that Diagnosis VL.

Some problems of governance regularly resurface, and the use and role of ‘quangos’— public bodies operating at arm’s-length to ministers—is a case in point. The administrative history of the British state is littered with official reviews and political debates about quangos. Historically, governments, whatever their reforming zeal, have found it difficult to make substantial changes. Now the UK government has initiated a rapid and large-scale set of reforms. This article analyses these changes and highlights five challenges for governments wishing to reform arm’s-length bodies: mapping, assessing, reconfiguring, saving, and accounting.

Case-based reasoning has emerged as an alternative to rule-based reasoning techniques for the design of expert systems. This paper concentrates on the issues involved in the application of the case-based reasoning techniques to a specific domain, property appraisal. Case-based reasoning has been recently favored because it seems to resemble more closely to the psychological process human follows when trying to apply their knowledge to the solution of problems: People adapt solutions of similar problems they handled in past experiences to address present situations.

Property appraisal or valuation is a domain characterized by having a single parameter in its solution, that is, the value of the property being appraised. This makes it differ from most of the domains in which case-based reasoning have been attempted. Those other domains require the satisfaction of multiple goals, which are related to one another in some type of explanation or plan. Because of the fact that property appraisal has a single goal, it is particularly important to find the best possible answer for that solution. In addition to this, the achievement of consistency is also essential in this domain in which different experts may reach different answers, even having the same data at their disposition.

By modelling the market data approach of the appraisal, using adaptations of case-based reasoning techniques, such as the similarity links and the critics, and integrating other techniques, such as the use of comfort factors, a case-based reasoner for property appraisal is implemented addressing the issues just mentioned above.

This book explores how digital technology is altering the relationships between people and how the very nature of interface itself needs to be reconsidered to reflect this – how
we can make sense of each other, handle ambiguities, negotiate differences, empathise and collectively make skilled judgments in our modern society. The author presents new directions for research at the relational-transactional intersection of contrasting disciplines of arts, science and technology,and in so doing, presents philosophical and artistic questions for future research on human connectivity in our digital age.

▶ Introduces the relational interface, which questions the historical idea of the interface as a conduit of the transactional and addresses an aesthetic and ethical balance
▶ Formulates tacit engagement as an emerging concept for the study of human relations
▶ Proposes a fundamental framework of mediation for expertise and decision making in complex human systems
▶ Critiques the concept of data and what makes for the success of knowledge transfer

The development and application of the Spacecraft Health Automated Reasoning Prototype (SHARP) for the operations of the telecommunications systems and link analysis functions in Voyager mission operations are presented. An overview is provided of the des...

Abstract: Highway engineers face complicated problems that are influenced by various conditions during the construction of flexible highway pavements. Identifying such problems and recommending effective solutions demand considerable engineering expertise, which is difficult to obtain at all construction sites. Thus, the development of an expert system can effectively help engineers control and analyze such problems. In addition, an expert system can effectively archive the storage and distribution of expertise among pavement ...

A planetary trains for multi-speed is mainly used for automation in industries of automobile. A planetary
gear train is represented by a graph. It is identified by (i) number of vertices and their connectivity (ii) number of edges and their types and values (iii) fundamental circuits, their size and adjancy. Connectivity of individual link is a property characteristic of kinematic chain. It is possible to identify a planetary gear,therefore of using sets of labele (decimal numbers representing connectivity ) of individual link. The
connectivity of vertices , edges values and circuit values, related to design invariants which in turn indicates the possible behavior of the gear train ( for example capacity of power transmission, speed ratio and power carculation). For a specified degree – of – freedom a number of planetary gear kinematic chain (PGKCs) are selected and hence planetary gear trains (PGTs) can be formed with a given number of links
and joints so that designer must be able to select to select the best train from the view point of say velocity ratio and capacity of power transmission, space requirements etc. Synthesis of planetary gear kinematic chain and planetary gear trains has been studied(1-9). Almost all reported work deals with only
identification of distinct chains. Besides providing an atlus of chains, this in itself does not provide any help to designer in the selection of best possible gear train. In the present paper a simple method based of circuit property ( based on link-link shortest path distance and degree of links) is presented to determine the topology values of power transmission efficiency and topology power transmission capacity of five-links PGKCs and their distinct inversions