Direct Speech

Il s’agit d’un travail sur le discours rapporté (discours direct, discours indirect, discours indirect libre) à partir de la lecture de cinq manuels : "Manuel de linguistique pour les textes littéraires" (Dominique Maingueneau, 2015) ; "L'énonciation en grammaire du texte" (Michèle Perret, 1994) ; "L'énonciation en linguistique française" (D. Maingueneau, 1991) ; "Pour enseigner la grammaire" (Roberte Tomasonne, 1996) et "La représentation du “discours autre”" (Jacqueline Authier-Revuz, 2001). Nous allons expliquer en quoi consiste chaque type de discours, donner des exemples tirés de la littérature française et nous allons également les analyser afin de mieux comprendre les différences entre les uns et les autres. De même, nous allons étudier le passage du discours direct au discours indirect et vice versa. Finalement, nous allons parler des variantes du discours rapporté comme le membre quelconque d’une collectivité, le discours narrativisé ou le monologue intérieur.

В статье рассматриваются три типа предложений, встречающихся в турецких новостных материалах: предложения с косвенной речью; предложения с прямой речью; предложения, содержащие и прямую, и косвенную речь. Анализируется литература по теме статьи, указываются способы оформления косвенной и прямой речи, включая широко употребляемые в текстах СМИ грамматические конструкции с глаголом bulunmak. Приводится список лексико-семантических групп глаголов речи, характерных для турецких новостных материалов, а также описывается их сочетаемость с некоторыми грамматическими формами; выявляются способы оформления предложений, в рамках которых сочетается прямая и косвенная речь, устанавливается частотность встречаемости предложений с прямой и косвенной речью. Рассматриваемые в статье лексико-грамматические особенности проиллюстрированы примерами с комментариями.

The Bellum Africum presents a high number
of direct speeches. We do not know if they are mere literary
inventions for propaganda purposes or if they are reelaborations
of speeches really given. In spite of the attention
that the language of the post-Cesarian corpus has had in
recent years and in spite of very recent bibliography on direct
speeches in historiographical works, there are no specific
studies on the oral sections of this report which is not without
historiographical ambitions. My contribution will analyze the language, the stylistic and rhetorical levels of these sections,
pointing out constants and differences and pitting various
hypotheses on their composition against each other.

This paper discusses an application of Relevance Theory methodology to an analysis of a literary text: a short story of Gabriel García Márquez “Buen viaje, señor Presidente” and its English translation. “Close reading” technique carried out on rather linguistic than literary basis allows for adding yet another layer of interpretation to this complex story. The analysis concentrates on the representation of direct speech and particularly on the impact of direct speech framing clauses on the reading of dialogic turns. Specifically, it is argued that the explicit mention of the addressee by indirect object pronouns (which are optional in direct speech framing turns) in Spanish makes the tension between the two protagonists even more palpable, therefore apparently courteous turns can be interpreted as defiant or otherwise antagonistic. In English similar role is played by the contrast between the absence of quotative inversion with subject pronouns and its presence when speakers are identified by full nominals. The parallel effect in both linguistic versions is traced to the distinction between linguistic items carrying mainly conceptual meaning (nominals) and carrying mainly procedural meaning (pronouns) and to the different ways these two kind of elements are processed in comprehension. The paper also provides some arguments for leaving aside literary considerations and treating a literary text as an act of ostensive communication.

This paper is concerned with reported language in British broadsheet newspaper reports and places special focus on various types of direct forms of presentation. Moreover, it pays attention to embedded discourse, a result of the recursively applied reflexive use of language. Reported language and embedding are interpreted from the point of view of the objectives and social function of newspaper reports: to describe recent events, the significance of which may be open to negotiation. The presence of external sources ensures heteroglossic background and impersonal treatment since the event portrayed is construed from a perspective other than the reporter’s.

Tema je članka prepričavanje diskursa (upravni i neupravni govor te neke bliske pojave). Autor ukratko izlaže u znatnoj mjeri vlastit pristup prepričavanju diskursa i ilustrira ga opisom toga fenomena u spontanom govoru osoba koje žive u Osijeku, a rođene su u Osijeku ili okolnim mjestima. U uvodu se daju osnovni podaci o predmetu i metodama istraživanja. Drugi dio rada sadrži kratak pregled pristupa prepričavanju diskursa u literaturi. U trećem se dijelu ukratko izlaže autorova koncepcija toga fenomena, a u sljedeća se četiri dijela rada opisuju načini prepričavanja diskursa u osječkom govoru: upravni govor, neupravni govor, priopćaj činjenice i polunavođenje. Slijedi dio u kojem se ukratko prikazuju neke oznake približnosti i skraćivanja originalnoga diskursa pri prepričavanju u osječkom govoru. Na kraju rada je zaključak, u kojem se navode bitniji rezultati.

In medieval Polish language we can see an intermediate stage of formation of the reported speech. There are some mixed constructions, in which the conjunction iże, expressing a subordinate relation, typical for the introduction of reported speech, introduces direct speech. In the paper I analyze the relation of these constructions to Latin sources on the example of the Old Polish apocrypha. They often appear where in a given place in the source text there were constructions foreign to the Polish language, like Accusativus cum infinitivo, or when the quotation in the source was introduced by a quia that could introduce indirect and indirect speech or be part of the quotation itself as a particle. Mixed constructs also appear where the compilation boundary is just where the quotation is introduced. Another problem for the Old Polish authors was the interpenetration of the levels of the plot and non-plot reality.

Fictional prose can be broadly divided into narrative and discursive forms with direct speech being central to any discourse representation (alongside indirect reported speech and free indirect discourse). This distinction is crucial in digital literary studies and enables interesting forms of narratological or stylistic analysis. The difficulty of automatically detecting direct speech, however, is currently under estimated. Rule-based systems that work reasonably well for modern languages struggle with (the lack of) typographical conventions in 19th-century literature. While machine learning approaches to sequence modeling can be applied to solve the task, they typically face a severed skewness in the availability of training material, especially for lesser resourced languages. In this paper, we report the result of a multilingual approach to direct speech detection in a diverse corpus of 19th-century fiction in 9 European languages. The proposed method fine-tunes a transformer architecture with multilingual sentence embedder on a minimal amount of annotated training in each language, and improves performance across languages with ambiguous direct speech marking, in comparison to a carefully constructed regular expression baseline.

La teoría de la enunciación se debate entre dos concepciones: una que la liga al acto de locución y la otra a la actualización de la lengua. Esta disyuntiva ha dado lugar a acercamientos divergentes, unos centrados  en el discurso y otros en la historia. El recurso a la Teoría de los  Espacios Mentales y de la Integración Conceptual, asociada a una  caracterización de la enunciación representada en el discurso, en  términos de relaciones entre el texto del narrador y el de los personajes, permite avanzar en la conciliación de ambas perspectivas. A partir de estos fundamentos teóricos, se examinan cuatro tipos de discurso: el indirecto, el directo, el indirecto libre y el monólogo interior. El propósito del artículo es lograr un enfoque unitario de la enunciación concebida como la puesta en marcha del sistema de la lengua y como su apropiación individual por parte de un enunciador. La propuesta es ilustrada mediante citas de las obras de Juan Rulfo y de Carlos Fuentes.

Direct speech reporting is a rhetorical strategy used frequently in the production of Dolakha Newar narrative. Direct speech reports are syntactically uniform in constituting center-embedded objects of ditransitive verbs. Prosodically, they show a wide range of behaviors. They may be set off from the surrounding quotative frame by intonation-unit boundaries, variations in pitch or loudness, and/or the production of contours typical of conversational speech. They may also be produced across multiple intonation units and may show patterns of macro-level prosodic structuring indicative of internal prosodic coherence and embedding within higher-level structures. On the other hand, they may exhibit none of these prosodic characteristics and be prosodically integrated with respect to the quotative frame. This variable behavior results from competition among a variety of pressures, including speakers’ performative goals, the syntax of complementation, the rhetorical impact of the quoted speech, performance factors, and inter-speaker variation in style, among others. While statistical analyses might fruitfully be applied to objectively quantifiable factors, a purely statistical model will never fully predict prosodic behavior, due to the meaningful nature of prosody and intangible features of individuals in the production of discourse.

The present paper examines the discourse functions of intensity in the context of narrative direct speech quotations. We argue that differentiation in intensity functions as a contextualization cue signalling involvement as well as power negotiation. Intensity, therefore, seems to be an ambivalent signal acquiring its meaning in interaction with other contextual parameters. More specifically, we argue that a louder voice is preferred in in-group talk representations as a contextualization cue of a high involvement style in conversations between intimate young peers. Lower intensity, on the other hand, is used by young female narrators in the representation of talk with authority-out-group figures, as a means of reducing the authority of the adult voices represented in their narratives. The qualitative analysis of our data is further supported by quantitative analysis. We conclude that intensity differentiation in the direct speech quotations of young female narrators functions as a contextualization cue signalling, on the one hand, their independence from adult authority and, on the other, their in-group bonds.

abstract: The paper discusses the quotative dimension of the Polish complemen-tizer że. The focus is on direct speech reporting, where the quotative function of że may be dissociated from its complementizer use, thus pointing to a purely quotative reading. As is argued, że has roles to play in both direct and indirect speech reports, also appearing in a mixed type that may be conceived of as the middle ground between the two. The point of this study is to present this poly functionality. Specifically, apart from its canonical function of indirect speech quotative complementizer, że is shown to serve the functions of a quotative proper and direct speech quotative complementizer (an amalgam of the other two). Additionally, the quotative uses of że may overlap with its non-quotative clause linking tasks, i.e. of marking complementation, elaboration, and relativization. This functional overlap means also that że is capable of cumulative encoding of more than one of these functions. This additional dimension of the polyfunction-ality of że is also investigated.

This paper deals with the syntax of the direct speech particle in Hittite, particularly its inconsistent use within direct speech. It is suggested that a syntactic account of what appears at fi rst sight as an entirely chaotic distribution is possible.

The impact of direct speech framing expressions on the narrative: a contrastive case study of Gabriel García Márquez’s Buen viaje, señor Presidente and its English translationThis paper discusses an application of Relevance Theory methodology to an analysis of a literary text: a short story of Gabriel García Márquez “Buen viaje, señor Presidente” and its English translation. “Close reading” technique carried out on rather linguistic than literary basis allows for adding yet another layer of interpretation to this complex story. The analysis concentrates on the representation of direct speech and particularly on the impact of direct speech framing clauses on the reading of dialogic turns. Specifically, it is argued that the explicit mention of the addressee by indirect object pronouns (which are optional in direct speech framing turns) in Spanish makes the tension between the two protagonists even more palpable, therefore apparently courteous turns can be interpreted as defiant or ot...

The corpus-based analysis of the omission of esse in the Aeneid goes deeper than was possible in traditional stylistics and, as such, is an example of how state-of-the-art linguistic analyses can cast new light on literary works, considerably enhancing our comprehension of these. The study of sum in the Aeneid provides some interesting and unexpected data, such as the greater presence of verbal forms in direct speech—a discursive type which is, on the face of it, more suitable for elliptical phenomena—than in narration. An initial statistical analysis shows that these occurrences are inversely proportional: the longer the narrative text, the fewer verbal forms of sum are found. Using a multilayered linguistic analysis, Cabrillana claims that several factors might account for this behaviour of sum: the use of grammatically marked verbal forms (for the tense, mood, person and number) in direct speech makes the lexical presence of such forms indispensable, while co-causal factors can also occur, such as pragmatic focalization of the verbal form and the presence of impressive illocutionary force, as well as lexical-semantic factors (quasi-formulaic constructions or the expression of a specific semantic notion through esse).

... But twofold repetitions are also common in many imitative stock-expressions, eg, Hebrew child language papm-papm (car horn), tut-tut (train), tuk-tuk 'knock knock', and ga-ga (duck); there is no reason for it not to be so in Negev narrative imperatives, as we saw in examples (iv ...

En este artículo se presenta un método automatizado para detectar construcciones dicendi en textos periodísticos recogidos en el marco de las Elecciones Presidenciales Primarias de 2013, un evento político de alta relevancia en Chile. Se definen las construcciones dicendi (cdic) como aquellas a las que recurre un emisor (en este caso, un periodista) para introducir en su enunciado un discurso proveniente de una enunciación ajena. Para el trabajo de análisis automático, se procedió a la descripción de las cdic que permitió la posterior modelización para la implantación en máquina. Se trabajó con la herramienta Xfst, que se presenta como una implementación de autómatas de estados finitos, cuyo objetivo es producir análisis morfológico y generación, con la cual se logró un 80% de precisión y un 85% de cobertura. Los resultados indican una amplia diversidad de verbos dicendi, el empleo predominante del estilo indirecto y usos verbales acordes a los manuales de estilo. Abstract This article presents an automated method for detecting constructions dicendi in journalistic texts, compiled within the framework of the 2013 Primary Presidential Elections, a highly relevant political event in Chile. Dicendi constructions (dicc) are defined as those to which a writer (in this case, a journalist) has recourse in order to introduce a discourse coming from an unrelated enunciation into his own enunciation. For the automatic analysis work, we proceeded to the description of the dicc that allowed the later modelling for the machine implantation. We worked with the Xfst tool, which is presented as an implementation of automatons of finite states, which produce morphological analysis and generation, by achieving 80% accuracy and 85% coverage. The results indicate a wide diversity of dicendi verbs, the predominant use of indirect style and verbal uses according to style manuals.

The present paper examines the marking of the end of direct speech in five selected Late Latin texts. It shows that a range of strategies are employed in the texts, among which it analyses the use of particles, pronouns and participle constructions in greater detail. Although the end of direct speech tended to be signalled, none of the means can be viewed as a routinized marker of the end of direct speech in Late Latin – the particle et 'and' was found 19 % of instances in the examined texts. When an expression was used in a seemingly routine fashion, its higher occurrence was limited to one or two texts and attributed in the present analysis to the author's style. The most frequent expressions identified (the particles et and-que 'and', demonstrative and relative pronouns) do not carry any specific meaning with respect to direct speech but rather fulfil the function of cohesive device. The end of direct speech thus seems to be treated as a mere boundary in the discourse, lacking any specific marking in Late Latin.

Цель этой статьи – выявить изменения в функционировании опорных предикатов чужой речи в русских летописях XI–XVI вв. В центре исследования – распределение цитативных глаголов со значением ‘сказать’ и ‘рассказывать’. В ранних летописях глаголы типа ‘сказать’ – рещи, глаголати и мълвити – вводят только прямую речь. Опорные предикаты со значением ‘рассказывать’, такие как бысть вѣсть и съказати, в основном используются при косвенной речи. В более поздних летописях синтаксическое распределение опорных предикатов стирается. В Никоновской летописи за XV–XVI вв. наиболее частотными глаголами речи становятся говорити и сказати в значении ‘рассказать’. Сказати используется при косвенной речи, говорити – при цитациях обоих типов. Иллокутивные глаголы фиксируются редко и используются как при прямой, так и при косвенной речи.

Young children extract from direct speech even when the pronoun reference indicates a direct speech act: How did Deanne ask: “Can I ride a bike?” is answered with a manner of bike-riding, while the pronoun refers to main clause subject. Adults do not allow this extraction due to a blocking effect of a Point of View operator, regulating differences in

Judgment books are fruitful sources for historical, linguistic and philological research of many kinds. The genre is characterised by features that may depend on spoken interaction and dialogue. This article deals with direct speech in the judgment book of the town of Ekenäs, Finland, during the years 1678–1695, edited with commentary and indices by Harry Lönnroth (2006a, 2006b). The aim is twofold; first, by analysing direct speech to ascertain how the scribes have recorded spoken testimonies in the courtroom; second, to examine what traces of spoken language, "vestiges of spontaneous dialogue”, these testimonies contain. Some 70 authentic examples are analysed in detail. — The study has yielded three main results: 1) Direct speech is used as a scribal strategy preferably in criminal cases (by contrast, in civil and administrative cases direct speech is seldom used). 2) The study confirms empirically that direct speech in Finnish judgment books from the late 17th century contains numerous elements that can be supposed to have enjoyed support in the spoken language of the time. 3) Direct speech is always found in the diplomatic part (con)text, not in protocol and/or eschatocol.

Cross-linguistically, performative constructions are associated with a range of declarative direct speech acts with different illocutionary forces or meanings, e.g., promising, ordering, asserting, etc. In an utterance such as 'I promise to give the money back' the matrix verb 'promise' is used as a performative - it has the illocutionary force of a promise but pragmatically it also has an effect on the performance of the act it describes. Hausa performative verbs/constructions have been largely neglected in the literature, and in this paper I open up the subject by identifying: (1) the finite and nonfinite complement clauses and subordinators which are licensed by stereotypical performative verbs; (2) the TAMS's (tense/aspect/mood) they typically occur with as matrix verbs, and the TAM's they govern in the embedded clause.

Cet article vise a nuancer la conception selon laquelle les repliques des personnages romanesques se reduisent a un simple recopiage d'elements du code linguistique extratextuel, afin d'avancer l'hypothese qu'elles relevent de strategies autorielles dont le but consiste a maintenir / critiquer / subvertir les presupposes pragmatiques, ideologiques et axiologiques propres a une societe donnee. Dans le cas d'un texte traduit, cette hypothese prend un relief important pour autant que la re-enonciation traductionnelle des repliques suscite souvent des effets de lecture tres differents de ceux du texte source

Direct speech reporting is a rhetorical strategy used frequently in the production of Dolakha Newar narrative. Direct speech reports are syntactically uniform in constituting center-embedded objects of ditransitive verbs. Prosodically, they show a wide range of behaviors. They may be set off from the surrounding quotative frame by intonation-unit boundaries, variations in pitch or loudness, and/or the production of contours typical of conversational speech. They may also be produced across multiple intonation units and may show patterns of macro-level prosodic structuring indicative of internal prosodic coherence and embedding within higher-level structures. On the other hand, they may exhibit none of these prosodic characteristics and be prosodically integrated with respect to the quotative frame. This variable behavior results from competition among a variety of pressures, including speakers’ performative goals, the syntax of complementation, the rhetorical impact of the quoted sp...

The impact of direct speech framing expressions on the narrative: a contrastive case study of Gabriel García Márquez’s Buen viaje, señor Presidente and its English translationThis paper discusses an application of Relevance Theory methodology to an analysis of a literary text: a short story of Gabriel García Márquez “Buen viaje, señor Presidente” and its English translation. “Close reading” technique carried out on rather linguistic than literary basis allows for adding yet another layer of interpretation to this complex story. The analysis concentrates on the representation of direct speech and particularly on the impact of direct speech framing clauses on the reading of dialogic turns. Specifically, it is argued that the explicit mention of the addressee by indirect object pronouns (which are optional in direct speech framing turns) in Spanish makes the tension between the two protagonists even more palpable, therefore apparently courteous turns can be interpreted as defiant or ot...