Crossfit

Objective: To correlate CrossFit-related injuries with previous sedentary lifestyle, and to investigate other factors potentially associated with higher rates of injury among practitioners. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study involving CrossFit practitioners who received a digital questionnaire inquiring into CrossFit-related injuries, previous sedentary life, training intensity and experience, site of injury and general demographics. Results: This sample included 121 CrossFit practitioners, 34.7% of participants were sedentary prior to starting CrossFit practice, from these, 45.2% reported CrossFit-related injuries, compared to 30.4% from previously active practitioners (p=0.104). The shoulder/elbow (60.5%), lumbar spine (30.3%) and wrist/hand (16.3%) were the most common sites of injury among participants reporting CrossFit-related injuries (35.5%). Participants performing intense weight training were more prone to injuries than those practicing light or moderate weight tr...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the 8-week training influence according to CrossFit® concept on the healthy adults’ body composition and to determine the diversity the training outcomes by gender. This study covered 55 subjects, 18 female and 37 male. Female mean age was 28,4 ±6,5 years, mean body height 168,2 ±6,7cm and mean body weight 60,5 ±5,0kg. Among men, mean age was 25,7 ±6,8 years, mean body height 180,2 ±6,0cm, while mean body weight 81,6 ±8,2kg. To evaluate the body composition bioelectric impedance method was used, before and after beginning the training. During 8-week of CrossFit® training 5 continuous training sessions a week has been held. Two-day gap was held after every 5 days of training. Single training session lasted 60 minutes. In female group 1 kg/m2 BMI reduce was shown, while in male group there was no statistically significant changes in this parameter. It was shown that statistically significant differences were present about every analyzed parameter of the body composition (fat tissue, lean body mass), both globally and segmentally. The CrossFit® training significantly affects fat tissue reduce in two analyzed groups, both globally and segmentally. In female group more trunk fat tissue reduce was found compared to upper and lower extremities in male group.

En los últimos años se han popularizado diversas modalidades de entrenamiento de alta intensidad, conocidas como HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training), HIFT (High Intensity Functional Training) y HIPT (High Intensity Power Training).
Su aplicación en diversas áreas del fitness y rendimiento deportivo se han vuelto frecuentes, requiriendo que sean analizados con detenimiento sus fortalezas y debilidades, así como las diferencias que terminan por dar forma a una u otra variante.
De esta forma podrán tomarse decisiones más precisas sobre en qué momento y con quiénes deberían utilizarse, limitando así las posibilidades de incurrir en una lesión o disminución de la performance.
En el presente artículo se analizarán las principales características del entrenamiento HIPT, y se ofrecerá una metodología para su implementación de manera eficiente y segura.

Background: CrossFit ® involves high-intensity functional movements and research has shown that the program increases metabolic rates in participants. Objective: To measure resting energy expenditure (REE) in CrossFit® participants using indirect calorimetry (IC) and to verify the most appropriate predictive equation to estimate REE. Methods: Overall, 142 CrossFit® participants (18-59 years; 91 [64.1%], women) underwent weight, height, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) measurements. Body composition was evaluated using a portable ultrasound system (BodyMetrix ®). REEs were measured (mREE) by IC and predicted by six different equations (pREE): Harris-Benedict, World Health Organization (WHO), Henry and Rees, Cunningham (1980 and 1991), and Mifflin-St. Jeor. Results: The mean age was 33.0 (6.3) years, with no significant difference between men and women; mean mREE, 1583.2(404.4) kcal/d; and pREE, 1455.5(230.9) to 1711.3(285.5) kcal/d. The best REE predictive equations for this population were Cunningham (1991) (P=0.338), WHO (P=0.494), and Harris-Benedict (P=0.705) equations. The Harris-Benedict equation presented a smaller difference compared with IC [12.9(307.6) kcal], the Cunningham (1991) equation showed improved adequacy (102.5%), and the WHO equation presented highest accuracy (59.9%). The equations that were closest to the mREE were the Harris-Benedict for women and the WHO equation for men. Conclusion: Therefore, for CrossFit ® participants, the REE can accurately be predicted with the Cunningham (1991), WHO, and Harris-Benedict equations.

The popular sport of CrossFit has attracted a number of Christians who simultaneously celebrate their passion for their faith and their passion for their sport. In this interplay of sport and religion, fashion becomes an important means for the profession of faith. This essay focuses specifically on religious athletic t-shirts that appear regularly among Christians in CrossFit. I argue that these are not a mere profession of faith but serve a dual purpose: on the one hand being athletic (and one could argue secular) and on the other being religious symbols with a deeper theological meaning. As such, they are sites where business opportunities, religious and sacramental practices, advertisement, and consumption practices collide. I argue that religious CrossFit t-shirts need to be taken seriously as religious-sacramental practice, but also that religious athletic clothing makes faith fit for consumption.

Özet Bu tezin amacı, rekreatif etkinlik amacı ile İstanbul ilinde fitness ve crossfit merkezlerinde egzersiz yapan bireyleri güdüleyen faktörlerin belirlenerek, bu faktörlerin bazı değişkenlerle ilişkisini tespit etmektir. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu İstanbul ilinde bulunan fitness ve crossfit salonlarında, rekreatif amaçlı egzersiz yapan bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak, bireyleri rekreasyonel egzersize motive edebilecek faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla geliştirilen,''Rekreasyonel Egzersiz Motivasyon Ölçeği'' (REMM) kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların cinsiyet ve egzersiz türü değişkenlerine göre rekreasyonel egzersiz motivasyonlarını belirlemek için Bağımsız Gruplar için t testi kullanılırken; rekreasyonel egzersiz motivasyonu ile egzersiz süresi arasındaki ilişiki Pearson Momentler Çarpım Korelasyon analizi ile test edilmiştir. Katılımcıların egzersiz türüne göre (fitness ve crosfit) REMM' in beceri gelişimi alt boyutunda istatistiksel olarak farklılık bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Crossfit merkezine giden katılımcılarda cinsiyet değişkenine göre REMM ölçeğinin rekabet alt boyutunda farklılık bulunurken (p<0.05); fitness merkezine gidenler ve tüm katılımcılar arasında cinsiyet değişkenine göre istatistiksel açıdan farklılık bulunmamıştır (p>0.05). Bu araştırmanın verileri incelendiğinde, crossfit merkezine giden katılımcıların fitness merkezine giden katılımcılara göre daha fazla beceri gelişimi ile egzersize yöneldikleri, crossfit merkezine giden erkeklerin kadınlara göre daha çok rekabet açısından egzersize katıldıkları ve sağlık, rekabet, sosyal/eğlence ve beceri gelişimi amaçlı egzersize katılım arttıkça egzersiz süresinde de artış olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Abstract The aim of this thesis is to determine the factors which motivate thr individuals exercising in Fitness and Crossfit centers in Istanbul with the purpose of recreative activity and whether these causes change or not according to some variabilities. The city of Istanbul is our research area. Individuals who exercise with the purpose of recreative activity in Fitness and Crossfit centers have in Istanbul constitute the sample group of this research. Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure (REMM) is used a the means of gathering data. The survey used in research consists of total 66 clauses in five sub aspects which include the factors that might motivate the individuals to recreational exercise. Statements partaking in the scale are evaluated with Strongly Disagree(1) and Strongly Disagree (5) five point likert scale. The data is separated regularly while it is being evaluated and variances are found homogeneous. Therefore, Independent-Samples T Test and Pearson's Correlation methods of analysis are used during the research. While there is no difference between male and female who exercise with the aim of recreative activity in both Fitness and Crossfit centers, It has been observed that Crossfit participants are more motivated than the Fitness participants. While there aren't so much difference between the factors motivating the male and female who participate the Fitness centers, Male participants are more motivated than females with difference regard to competition in Crossfit centers. Whereas the rem scale has a connection with a positive meaning between health, competition, social entertainment and skill developments lower dimension and the time of exercise, there isn't a meaningful connection between the lower dimensions of body appearance.

A question asked commonly is if exercise has any effect on our Mental Health. This paper has tried to answer the question differently. Taking into consideration the psychological factors of Anxiety, Resilience, and Life Satisfaction because according to the author these are the main areas of Mental Health impacted in everyday life.
The exercise routine in this research was the CrossFit Training methodology. 60+ participants who have been following this exercise regime in a group setting for at least 6+ months were administered a mixed test of the Becks Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SLWS) through a google form. All participants were between the ages of 18 and 40 and met all the details for the inclusion criteria.
The result of the test was that participants who followed the CrossFit Training methodology in a group setting. This paper has tried to measure the relationship between each of the psychological factors with the CrossFit Training Methodology. The Mean Anxiety was 12.58 (Low), Mean Resilience was 18.44 (Normal Resilience), and Mean Life Satisfaction was 11.69 (Dissatisfied). The statistics (correlation coefficient) between each of the factors by Spearman's Rho is as follows; Anxiety & Resilience was -.469, Anxiety and Life Satisfaction was -.315, and Resilience and Life Satisfaction was .205
The findings of this paper can be used for developing training plans considering the Mental Health effects of each of these factors on each other.

The recent exercise works of the performance and social media artist Amber Hawk Swanson explore extreme fitness as an allegory for self-realization. Her exaggerated engagement with such activities as CrossFit compels Hawk Swanson to treat herself as her own object to be both cultivated and punished, and her works expose the slippery relations between self-admiration and same-sex desire that underwrite the pursuit of normative bodily ideals. These performances are placed in the context of Hawk Swanson’s earlier investigations of conflicted self-objectification — in particular, her multiyear "Amber Doll Project" (2006 – 8) in which she daily collaborated with a life-size sex doll (a RealDoll) made in her own image. Hawk Swanson often stages her work for social media, and she has an online presence that has received millions of viewers. With this practice, she exposes herself to online forums that play out the enforcements of normativity in the generation of both ruthless anonymous comments and impassioned defenses. Such comments about gender, bodies, and sexualities were the catalyst for the exercise works and are incorporated into their defiant performances of self-realization.

Morningness-eveningness, time of day, and physical exercises have been shown to influence mood states. This study aimed to test whether impact of physical exercise on mood depends on time of day and chronotype. Ninety-four participants (age 32 ± 6 years; 34% females; weekly training volume 4 ± 1 hours) filled the Composite Scale of Morningness and reported their current mood using the UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist before and after a 60-minute long CrossFit training session which took part in the morning (beginning at 6:30 or 7:45) or in the evening (beginning at 19:30 or 20:45). In this quasi-experiment the measurements were taken by the occasion of the participants' usual training, in their preferred hours. There were only a few evening-types in the studied sample, while morning and intermediate chronotypes were over-represented. Participation in CrossFit training resulted in mood improvement consisting of increase in energetic arousal (η2 = 0.29) and hedonic tone (η2 = 0.47) and reduction of tense arousal (η2 = 0.14), all significant at p = 0.001. Furthermore, CrossFit training during morning hours boosted mood in the intermediate/evening chronotype group to the levels observed in morning chronotypes (η2 = 0.29, p < 0.05, for the three-way interaction effect). We conclude that participation in intense physical exercise, such as CrossFit training, may allow compensation for the negative effects of non-optimal time of day on experienced moods, particularly in the case of neither/evening-types.

Objective: To correlate CrossFit-related injuries with previous sedentary lifestyle, and to investigate other factors potentially associated with higher rates of injury among practitioners. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study involving CrossFit practitioners who received a digital questionnaire inquiring into CrossFit-related injuries, previous sedentary life, training intensity and experience, site of injury and general demographics. Results: This sample included 121 CrossFit practitioners, 34.7% of participants were sedentary prior to starting CrossFit practice, from these, 45.2% reported CrossFit-related injuries, compared to 30.4% from previously active practitioners (p=0.104). The shoulder/elbow (60.5%), lumbar spine (30.3%) and wrist/hand (16.3%) were the most common sites of injury among participants reporting CrossFit-related injuries (35.5%). Participants performing intense weight training were more prone to injuries than those practicing light or moderate weight training (p=0.043). On average, participants with a history of injury spent significantly more time training than those with no history of injury (68.4 and 61.7 minutes, respectively; p=0.044). Conclusion: The incidence of CrossFit-related injuries did not differ significantly between previously sedentary and physically active participants. Intense weight training was associated with a higher incidence of injuries. The overall injury rate was 35.5%, similar to that found in previous studies, and the most common site of injury was shoulder/elbow.

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CrossFit is a fitness regime that is – in its inception – unrelated to traditional religion but has, over the past few years, attracted a number of Christian athletes. Some of these athletes bear witness to their faith with and through their bodies. Rich Froning, the four time winner of the annual CrossFit Games, for example, has “Galatians 6:14” (“May I never boast except in the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, through which the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world.”) tattooed over his upper body. Other Christian CrossFitters gather for retreats where they subject their bodies to sweaty workouts, prayer, meditation, and Bible readings. This paper will introduce suffering and witness bearing CrossFit bodies and contemplate the relationship between bodily suffering and religion in the CrossFit community.

I will be giving this talk at the seminar “Le corps et les discours religieux contemporains” / “The Body and Contemporary Religious Discourse” at DRES, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg.

The aim of this study was to compare the neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory capacities among CrossFit® (CF) practitioners and recreationally trained (RT) individuals. Sixteen participants between 18 and 30 years old of both sexes participated in this study. They were divided into CF Practitioners group (CF: sex= 4 men and 4 women; age= 28.6±4.3 yr; height= 170.7±6.5 cm; BMI= 23.1±1.9 Kg/m 2) and RT individuals group (RT: sex= 4 men and 4 women; age= 26.5±3.9 yr; height= 165.7±8.9 cm; BMI= 21.8±2.6 Kg/m 2). After familiarization with procedures, and a body composition evaluation by skinfolds, a duration of 72 h, all participants did a maximum cardiorespiratory test by an incremental cycle ergometer. Data were analyzed for normality, using the Shapiro-Wilks test, and then a student t-test was used to compare both of the groups. The CF group presented a significantly higher lean mass than the RT group (p= 0.003). The CF group had significant smaller second ventilatory threshold (p= 0.04), power of first ventilatory threshold (p= 0.01), and power of second ventilatory threshold (p= 0.04), than the RT group (p < 0.05). Also, the heart rate Recovery (HRR) was significantly smaller for the CF group than the RT group (p= 0.02). It could be concluded that although CF practitioners did not present higher VO 2max and maximum power than RT individuals, while the CF practitioners presented significant differences in more lean mass and better HRR, which shows cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular adaptations.

The popular sport of CrossFit has attracted a number of Christians who simultaneously celebrate their passion for their faith and their passion for their sport. In this interplay of sport and religion, fashion becomes an important means for the profession of faith. This essay focuses specifically on religious athletic t-shirts that appear regularly among Christians in CrossFit. I argue that these are not a mere profession of faith but serve a dual purpose: on the one hand being athletic (and one could argue secular) and on the other being religious symbols with a deeper theological meaning. As such, they are sites where business opportunities, religious and sacramental practices, advertisement, and consumption practices collide. I argue that religious CrossFit t-shirts need to be taken seriously as religious-sacramental practice, but also that religious athletic clothing makes faith fit for consumption.

This is the first study to measure the ‘sense of community’ reportedly offered by the CrossFit gym model. A cross-sectional study adapted Social Capital and General Belongingness scales to compare perceptions of a CrossFit gym and a traditional gym. CrossFit gym members reported significantly higher levels of social capital (both bridging and bonding) and community belongingness compared with traditional gym members. However, regression analysis showed neither social capital, community belongingness, nor gym type was an independent predictor of gym attendance. Exercise and health professionals may benefit from evaluating further the ‘sense of community’ offered by gym-based exercise programmes.

On her website, the prominent Christian CrossFit athlete Andrea Ager reflects on wearing a “Jesus saves, bro” t-shirt at a recent competition. She declares: “That day I got to reperesent [sic] for the only brand worth representing“. The ambiguity in the language leaves open if “brand” refers to the apparel or to Jesus or salvation and raises important theological questions about the practice of the professio fidei: if God becomes a brand, does the professio fidei become a series of economic transactions in which faith in the Christian God becomes brand loyalty?

Drawing on Pace’s understanding of religion as communication (Pace 2011) this paper will discuss the idea of God-as-brand in the context of CrossFit, an increasingly popular sport in which material and body practices are an important identity marker. I argue that the material practice of wearing one’s professio fidei transforms the religious act into a political and economic act.