Country of Origin

This paper examines the impact of home country economic status on immigrant self-employment probability in the U.S. We estimate a probability model and find that, consistent across race, immigrants from developed countries are more likely to be self-employed in the U.S than are immigrants from developing countries. This result is unexpected given previous research which suggests that immigrants from countries with high levels of self-employment tend to be more involved in self-employment in the U.S. Developing countries on average have higher self-employment rates than do developed countries but our research shows that immigrants from developing countries have similar or lower self-employment probabilities relative to native born White Americans, whereas immigrant from developed countries have significantly higher self-employment probabilities relative to native born White Americans. We provide two potential explanations for this result. First, immigrants from developed countries ma...

This study thoroughly elaborates on the influence of COO on consumer’s perception towards hospitality products, precisely on sanitary products. Country of origin encompass products imported from Italy and China solely. The main focus is on Jordanian consumers. It aims at studying the level of satisfaction regarding these products and the relation of the products country of origin to their standard of living and how it is conceived. Often, certain high-end products are linked with high prestigious lives and vice versa. Therefore, it has been asserted the need to conduct surveys distributed among 100 different consumers of these hospitality products in order to have a thorough finding for the reasons aforementioned. As a result, this study concludes whether consumers perceive Italian products as of a higher quality than Chinese ones due to the country of origin. Moreover, it is intriguing to fully understand the reasons for the different behaviors towards the product’s COO and its inf...

Background  Trafficking in women is a widespread human rights violation commonly associated with poor mental health. Yet, to date, no studies have used psychiatric diagnostic assessment to identify common forms of mental distress among survivors returning to their home country. Methods  A longitudinal study was conducted of women aged 18 and over who returned to Moldova between December 2007 and December 2008

Angesichts des Überangebots an Informationen zu einem Produkt oder einer Dienstleistung orientieren sich Verbraucher bei einer Kaufentscheidung häufig am Herkunftsland des jeweiligen Produktes. Dieses auch als Country-of-Origin-Effekt bekannte Phänomen wird in diesem Beitrag anhand der weltweiten Wahrnehmung schweizerischer und deutscher Produkte vorgestellt. Aus Sicht der Unternehmen und insbesondere des Marketingmanagements stellt sich die Frage, ob und unter welchen Bedingungen eine konsequente Vermarktung und Betonung des Herkunftslandes der eigenen Produkte erfolgversprechend sind.

Purpose. To assess whether state-sponsored agricultural marketing programs had a positive influence on adult consumers’ fruit and vegetable consumption.

Design. Differences in fruit and vegetable consumption between 2000 and 2005 in states that initiated marketing campaigns during this period and those that did not were examined.

Subjects. A representative sample (n 5 237,320) of adults aged 18 and older from states with and without marketing programs was used. The study used data from the 2000 and 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

Measures. The number of fruit and vegetable servings per week and the percentage of
respondents consuming five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day were examined.

Analysis. Between-subjects analysis of variance and logistic regression.

Results. In the absence of a marketing campaign, there was a significant decrease in fruit and vegetable consumption between 2000 and 2005. In states with campaigns, consumption remained stable or increased. Marketing effects were stronger for women than for men.

Conclusions. State-sponsored agricultural marketing programs had favorable effects on consumers’ consumption of fruits and vegetables.

This paper aims to identify predictors of consumer ethnocentrism in the food market. An online survey was conducted in a sample of 1000 Polish consumers, which was representative by sex, age, education level, urban–rural divide, and region. The 10-item CETSCALE was applied. In a retrograde stepwise regression model, consumer ethnocentrism in the food market was positively related to tradition and conformity Schwartz values, to the pride of being Polish, and to such product characteristics as the country of origin, distance from the producer, and natural content. It was negatively related to the universalism value and to being a student. To gain further insights into the predictors of consumer ethnocentrism in the food market for either gender, separate regressions were conducted among men and women. Three predictors affected positively and significantly consumer ethnocentrism in the food market both among men and among women, namely the tradition Schwartz value, pride of being Polish, and importance attached to distance covered by the food product from the producer to the shop, which is related to the preference for local food. Moreover, consumer ethnocentrism among men was dependent on their food choice motive–environmental friendliness, whereas consumer ethnocentrism among women was affected by the importance attached to the product’s country of origin, and it was negatively related to women’s younger age.

Typhoid fever, a systemic infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi, is classically characterized by fever, paradoxical bradycardia, abdominal pain, and a rose colored rash. This was a retrospective review of 21 confirmed cases over a 5-year period. Mean age was 32.6 years (range 2–60 years), and Mexico (7/21) and El Salvador (3/21) represented the most common countries of origin. Recent travel to an endemic area was noted in 14 patients. The most common complaints were fever (15/21), headache (10/21), abdominal pain (9/21), and diarrhea (6/21). Average duration of symptoms before presentation to the Emergency Department (ED) was 7.9 days. High fever associated with bradycardia was noted in 12 patients. Leukopenia was present in 7 patients. Blood culture was the most sensitive confirmatory test while the Widal test was positive in 7 out of 11 cases. Fever of unknown origin (12/21), followed by presumed typhoid fever (3/21) were the most common ED diagnoses. It is important to re...

This manuscript explores the effect of Country-Of-Origin on perceived quality & perceived value. In automotive among Iranian consumers. Consumer attitudes to local and foreign products and the likely " country-of-origin" effect in Buy "Local" and "Made In ... " companies are surveyed. So, the importance of understanding differential consumer perception and evaluation of products has been well illustrated in consumer behaviour literature. The hypotheses of this research cover four main cores. Structured questionnaires and simple random sampling were used. A sample of 381 Iranian students in Selective University evaluate perceived quality associated with the value of vehicles came from Korea and Iran. Questionnaires were distributed with simple random sampling method Data were analyzed based on Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, V. 21). The author recommends future researchers examine the relations of the research in studies focusing on other products, markets.

This article was written at the very beginning of a long debate in Thailand (it was soon plagiarised by a Thai academic). Like other debates in Thailand, the debate ended in a fundamental disagreement, some academics arguing that T'ai (Tai, Thai) peoples could be identified linguistically, and having invaded Thailand in historical times, others that the Thais in Thailand are a mixture of various kinds of people, and that therefore they had always inhabited the region.

Business process outsourcing (BPO) generally refers to the operation of letting out the task of performing particular functions of an enterprise to another, often a third party and, in some cases, its own subsidiary. Under the pressure of nonavailability of manpower in the country of origin, many multinational companies (MNCs) decided to outsource their business processes to remote locations during the initial phase of globalization. In the Indian context, this process could throw down sturdy roots due to the encouraging supply-and-demand factors in the country. This paper takes a close look at the BPO industry in India, the service lines in which the country has specialized, and India's comparative advantages vis-à-vis competitor countries, e.g., China and the Philippines. The paper highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the Indian industry operating in this segment.

This paper aims to contribute to our understanding of the factors influencing South Asian entrepreneurial growth in Britain. It develops a multivariate model along the lines of small business economics but includes cultural and social variables. The theoretical model specified assumes that cultural factors have an augmenting effect on socio-economic factors. A distinction is also drawn between initial entrepreneurial characteristics and later expansion strategies used. The empirical model, based on the general-to-specific approach, can explain almost 60 per cent of entrepreneurial growth. The results suggest that moving away from a style of management based on immigrant culture has a positive impact on growth. This requires greater delegation of responsibilities to non-family employees. At the same time, strengthening links with the country of origin has a positive impact on growth. While the commitment to work hard at start-up is essential, human capital factors like the entrepreneur's educational attainment and employee training appear to be more crucial than financial resources in contributing to growth.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.

There is a common misconception about government's and corporations' missions are in conflict. Although it is not so but more important is what government races with which corporation. The governments that are passive about this economic change demonstrates how it's unprofitable to stay not act upon dynamics of economics thus transitioning into puppet government phase. It is harder to see true intention hidden unless an existence of rebel towards system. In order to profit from new global world without borders, appropriate thing is to join ongoing race and have courage instead of forfeiting. In the scene of history, the governments had never lost their dominance even facing very hard times, but only their plans had been changed. Thinking about the future might be more important than joining ongoing race but it is more lucrative to do both. It requires strong foresight to understand whole picture, analysis along with their past, infiltrating inside instead of responding from outside, most importantly not to get lost and not belong there while in the process of integration. The Trojan Horse goes changing of its name while taking advantage of the struggle in between the governments and their opponents on field of qualified information processing; The transnational corporations.

This study considers the industrial development and subsequent decline of the town of Indiana, Ontario, during the years 1830–1900, a period of intense socioeconomic change and population mobility. This dissertation applies interdisciplinary frameworks, especially those derived from archaeological inquiry, in order to assess the documentary evidence and also the material culture of nineteenth-century Indiana, in the interests of understanding both the historic process of rural industrialization by means of a case study and also the elusive processes of social and familial interaction in the Ontario towns caught up by the swirl of socioeconomic change during this period. How, and why, did a town of such promise reach its peak and then decline, in a short span of time between 1830 and 1900, especially when it was so well-positioned to succeed? Why did Indiana fail when other towns of the district succeeded? Residents of what was, until the 1860s, the largest industrial town in Haldima...

Availability of databases is a necessity in the speech processing field. The publically available databases in Arabic language are few. In this paper we describe a rich database for Arabic language. The database is rich in many dimensions: in text, environments, microphone type, number of recording sessions, recording system, the transmission channel, the country of origin, and the mother language. This richness makes the database an important resource for research in Arabic Language processing and very useful in many speech processing tasks, such as speaker recognition, speech recognition, and accent identification. The speakers were speaking in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA).

Abstract—Global new product development teams (GNPDT's) are becoming more and more prevalent due to the growing need for companies to compete in a global economy. Managing com-munication in global NPD teams effectively requires sensitivity to the uniqueness of ...