Corpus Linguistics

Данная работа является первой, предваряющей частью большого исследования «Лингвистическая картина российской истории XX века: корпусное исследование». В данном исследовании мы хотели, опираясь на частоты употребления определенных лексических единиц и коллокаций (N-грамм) в течение длительного (заданного) промежутка времени, создать эскизную лингвистическую картину российской истории. Задачи исследования: 1) Разработка методического подхода диахронического исследования частотного поведения лексических единиц русского языка; 2) Создание на основе результатов исследования частотного поведения лексических единиц русского языка лингвистических иллюстраций периода истории СССР – России с 1920 по 2000 г. Инструмент и материал исследования: Система Google books Ngram Viewer и ее русскоязычный корпус.
Подробное описание системы Google Books Ngram Viewer можно найти в нашей книге "Информационные технологии в лингвистических исследованиях", изданной Санкт-Петербургским университетом в 2014 г., и в ряде статей.

The material presented here describes the initial phase of a major investigation entitled "Linguistic portrait of 20th century Russian history: a corpora-based study". Our goal was to create a linguistic sketch of Russian history founded on the  frequency of  change of lexical units (words and collocations or n-grams) during the period from 1920 to 2000. This phase of our work included (1) developing a diachronic study methodology to determine the frequency behaviour of Russian language lexical units and (2) employing the results to produce preliminary illustrations for the selected period of Russian history. The materials included in our study use the Google Books corpora system and the principal instrument of this system, i.e., the Google Books Ngram Viewer. 
A detailed description of the Google Books Ngram Viewer can be found in our book entitled "Information Technologies in Linguistic Studies", published in 2014 by  Saint Petersburg State University, and in a number of papers.

Despite advancements in and availability of corpus software in language classrooms facilitating data-driven learning (DDL), the use of such methods with pre-tertiary learners remains rare. This book explores the affordances of DDL specifically for younger learners, testing its viability with teachers and students at the primary and secondary years of schooling. It features eminent and up-and-coming researchers from Europe, Asia, and Australasia who seek to address best practice in implementing DDL with younger learners, while providing a wealth of empirical findings and practical DDL activities ready for use in the pre-tertiary classroom. Divided into three parts, the volume's first section focuses on overcoming emerging challenges for DDL with younger learners, including where and how DDL can be integrated into pre-tertiary curricula, as well as potential barriers to this integration. It then considers new, cutting-edge innovations in corpora and corpus software for use with younger learners in the second section, before reporting on actual DDL studies performed with younger learners (and their teachers) at the primary and secondary levels of education. This book will appeal to post-graduate students, academics and researchers with interests in corpus linguistics, second language acquisition, primary and secondary literacy education, and language and educational technologies.

O objetivo da pesquisa é identificar as dimensões de variação do texto traduzido por meio das técnicas computacionais da Análise Multidimensional e revelar até que ponto há variação nas traduções feitas por tradutores mais experientes e menos experientes. Foram compilados dois corpora entre os anos de 2015 e 2018. O REFCEN - Reference Corpus in English – é um corpus monolíngue, comparável e formado por textos originalmente escritos em inglêss, organizado para funcionar como um corpus de referência da língua inglesa, especialmente organizado para este estudo, possui um total de 30 registros diferentes, sendo 20 textos de cada registro, um total de 600 textos e mais de cinco milhões de palavras. O segundo corpus, chamado Translation Corpus - CTT - é um corpus bilíngue, alinhado, composto por três sub corpora. Sendo um corpus de textos em português – OTP-BR – Original texts in Brazilian Portuguese, usado como base para as traduções investigadas e mais dois outros sub corpora formados por textos traduzidos por tradutores experientes – TE1 e por tradutores menos experientes TE2. A variação do texto traduzido já foi investigada anteriormente (XIAO; HE; YUE, 2010); (KRUGER; ROOY, 2012), porém não há pesquisas que tenham considerado registros tão variados como os usados nesse estudo e tampouco que considerem os modos falado e escrito. Esse estudo visa preencher essa lacuna por meio dos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da Linguística de Corpus, mais especificamente da Análise Multidimensional (AMD), que possibilita uma investigação abrangente dos registros traduzidos com base em um repertório vasto de características linguísticas. A AMD mostra-se eficaz e capaz de relevar as dimensões de variação do texto traduzido já que tem o poder de capturar os padrões de variação mediados pela tradução, revelando padrões de coocorrência e oferecendo subsídios para descrever a relação entre os registros traduzidos por diferentes tradutores.

Пособие содержит описание предмета и основного содержания корпусной лингвистики – нового направления в лингвистике. Оно включает также программу учебной дисциплины «Корпусная лингвистика», которая изучается студентами отделения структурной и прикладной лингвистики Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета.

"Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries.

Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation.

Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian
dialect of Bitola as spoken today.

16th cent., Kostur dialect
21st cent., Bitola dialect

Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime.
Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime.

Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogasko.
Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogatsko.

As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical.
All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th centuries. "

Culture has been traditionally seen as the by-product of a particular society in a clearly defined territory (Yengoyan 1986). However, the elusive concept of culture, seen as both a merging and dichotomising force, has been called into question due to the increasing entanglement of contemporary societies (Welsch 1999). Indeed, territories can no longer be seen as containing cultures, since people move with their meanings, and meanings find ways of travelling and flourishing even when people stay in their territories (Hannerz 1996). The increasing development of communications systems (Hepp 2009) and economic interdependencies and dependencies plays an important role in challenging the traditional view of culture. Thus, the concept of transculturality can better characterise contemporary cultures and their ability to move beyond material and immaterial borders.
One of the ways through which cultural-specific phenomena cross borders and find a new life in a different environment is represented by forms of hybridisation (Bhatia 2004), seen as vehicles which can help popularise given genres. The hybridisation of broadcast news, for instance, has produced forms of docu-fictions, which can be placed in the blurred generic area of story-telling and news reporting, mixing together facts and fictions (Baym 2009). However, as vessels, these narrative hybrid forms bring together with them cultural-specific elements, which are difficult to re-enact in a new context. This is the case, for instance, of the TV series Gomorrah, which is based on the Italian novel Gomorra written in 2006 by the Neapolitan author Roberto Saviano.
As Saviano has repeatedly underlined (Caliendo 2012), most of the news stories linked to the Neapolitan Mafia, known as Camorra, stay local and remain largely unknown to most Italians. Further, as Cavaliere (2010) states, international books and movies generally focus on the Sicilian Mafia, while little has been written about the Camorra. Saviano’s exposé, first, and its popularised adaptations have shed light on the criminal activities of the Camorra and, while some elements of fiction are undeniably present in both the book and its adaptations, they succeeded in raising awareness on the problems linked to the Neapolitan context, something that journalism has failed to highlight from a national and an international point of view.
In order to achieve this, from a national point of view, the TV series, for instance, premiered in Italy with Italian subtitles, since the language of Gomorrah – The Series (from now on referred to as GTS) is a mix of both Italian and Neapolitan dialogues. While representing a third step in the translation of the original script, the UK subtitles of the TV series, on the other hand, have helped draw attention to the criminal activities plaguing Naples’ hinterland from an international point of view. However, since translation is central in the process of identity formation (Gentzler 2008), the aim of this contribution is to focus on the transcultural reception of the series. In particular, based on the concept of translation repercussion (Chesterman 2007), the proposed analysis will firstly focus on a particular aspect of the TV series, that is, how the producers of the series have created their target audience in the Italian and English versions of the DVD blurbs. Based on the work of Bednarek (2010, 2014), this preliminary analysis of the TV series will help us see how this specific type of advertising discourse construes its target audience. Since these texts “must take care to engage with what can be a diverse audience in an appropriate way” (Baker 2006: 50) by, for instance, “deciding what aspects [...] are foregrounded (or backgrounded) and what assumptions are made about the interests and lifestyles of the target audience” (Baker 2006: 50), the analysis of DVD blurbs can help us better understand what values are specifically constructed in discourse, thus, highlighting the type of universe that producers want to create when addressing their target audience. Additionally, since this type of persuasive discourse will eventually result in a financial exchange, language plays a fundamental role in the representation of the TV series as a whole and, thus, how it should be interpreted by its viewers.
The second part of our investigation will focus on how the main characters linguistically construct themselves in the context of the Italian and English subtitles of the TV series. We have decided to focus specifically on the subtitles of the TV series since, in the English adaptation, GTS was not dubbed and, thus, in order to make the comparison between the original and its re-adaptation more productive, we have decided to avoid taking under consideration also the original script of the TV series, since this would have insulated given differences that were not strictly linked to the translation process but due to the different media. The analysis was carried out thanks to corpus linguistic methodologies and these have allowed us to see how the “individual linguistic thumbprint” (Culpeper 2014: 166) of each character in the source text was construed in the target text. As we will see, given characteristics of specific characters seem to be stereotyped in the target text, while others seem to highlight given peculiarities in the target texts that were not particularly underlined in the source texts, thus, offering the audience new personas in the translation of the original text.

Bu çalışma, Türkçe’nin ilk kapsamlı ve genel amaçlı derlemi olan Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi (TUD)’ni [1] tanıtmayı amaçlamaktadır. Tanıtım Sürümünü Ekim 2012’de yapan TUD’un derlem dilbilim ilkeleri temelindeki derlem tasarım ölçütleri, web tabanlı ve kullanıcı dostu arayüz yazılım mimarisi özellikleri açıklandıktan sonra, kullanıcıların TUD üzerinde gerçekleştirdikleri sorgulamalarda yararlanacakları derlem araçları listelenecektir. Son olarak, dili temsil etme yeterliliğine sahip TUD gibi dil kaynaklarının sosyal bilimler ve bilgisayar mühendisliği alanlarındaki araştırmalardaki yeri ve önemi üzerinde durulacaktır.

The aim of this study is to describe the construction process of the first large scale, general-purpose corpus of Turkish, namely Turkish National Corpus (TNC). The paper is organized
as follows; first, the overall design features of TNC-Demo – released in October 2012 – which are based on principles well-defined in corpus linguistics, will be presented. Secondly, the web based interface architecture and pre-defined functions and tools of the TNC interface that will aid users in making their queries will be shown. Finally, the role of representative language resources like TNC in disciplines of social sciences and computer engineering is discussed.

WhatsApp is a software application that allows the exchange of text messages, videos, audios, images and photo between mobile phone users. The multi-modality function of WhatsApp represents an interesting mode of casual conversation that can be examined simultaneously from a sociological and linguistic point of view. This study is a discourse and lexical analysis of WhatsApp conversations from two distinct sociological groups. Aspects of discourse that can be studied with sociolinguistic corpora like ours are discourse units and phenomena such as turns and turn taking, speech acts, and interactions. Lexical aspects such as pinpointing which are the most frequently used lexical words among the users, whether these words contain more positive or negative evaluation, how they relate to and realize chat topic, the use of orthotypographical elements and conventions.
The conversations were collected from the two researchers’ phones, exporting chat histories via e-mail and saving the chat histories in an Excel spreadsheet. The chat history is anonymized and statistically evaluated, and the anonymized chat and the statistics are stored in a separate Excel sheet. When we say that the chat history is statistically evaluated, we mean that initial data about the chat history is analysed and collected. For the whole chat conversation, we count the number of members in the chat group, the number of sent messages, and the number of sent media files like photos or videos. Furthermore, every post is analysed with respect to its length; the number of characters in the shortest and in the longest text messages are counted and the corresponding users are identified who are most and least loquacious (each line of a chat history represents a message of a user). The language of the text messages is then analysed separately using various applications and software tools.
A sociological focus through the analysis of user profiles and the analysis of semantic and thematic content alongside a linguistic analysis of conversational text was carried out. Furthermore, the study explores how a technological environment such as the WhatsApp application impacts on the linguistic structure and sequence of message exchanges in casual conversation. The impact of given contexts is revealed and realised linguistically in messages, in speaker’s meaning and intention. The power of emoji and smileys which are the digital version of body language in reducing ambiguity and adding emotional context to what is said is analysed in our corpus. Comments are also made about how images, photos, text and video interact to create meaning in this multimodal form of global communication.
Initial findings from our chat corpus confirm that age, being the group’s manager, and group’s subject or topic play an important role in the participation level. Interaction tends to be structured and formulaic in the forms of address, opening and closing formulae (lots of repetition of lexical chains). Greetings are preferred over deferential forms of address that could indicate a way of showing solidarity between interactants. Findings obtained show that people use conventionally indirect strategies and a great deal of syntactic modification.

As an introduction to the special issue, this paper presents an overview of previous corpus linguistic work in the field of language and sexuality and discusses the compatibility of corpus linguistic methodology with queer linguistics as a central theoretical approach in language and sexuality studies. The discussion is structured around five prototypical aspects of corpus linguistics that may be deemed problematic from a poststructuralist, queer linguistic perspective: quantification and associated notions of objectivity, reliance on linguistic forms and formal presence, concentration on highly frequent features, reliance on categories, and highlighting of differences. It is argued that none of these aspects rules out an application of corpus linguistic techniques within queer theoretically informed linguistic work per se and that it is rather the way these techniques are employed that can be seen as more or less compatible with queer linguistics. To complement the theoretical discussion, a collocation analysis of sexual descriptive adjectives in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) is conducted in an attempt to address some of the issues raised. The concluding section makes suggestions for future research.
Keywords: corpus linguistics, language and sexuality, queer linguistics, sexual descriptive adjectives, methodology, collocation

Учебник знакомит с концепциями корпусной лингвистики, дает возможность освоить основы корпусных технологий, приобрести навыки работы с корпусами, определить место дисциплины и соб-ственно корпусов в ряду информационных технологий. Учебник базируется на исследовательской и преподавательской деятельности авторов.

There have been linguistic studies on the gendering mechanisms of adjectives and psychological studies on the relationship between personality traits and gender, but the two fields have never entered into a dialogue on these issues. This article seeks to address this gap by presenting an interdisciplinary study that explores the gendering mechanisms associated with personality traits and personality trait-denoting adjectives. The findings of earlier work in this area and basic gendering mechanisms relevant to adjectives and personality traits are outlined. This is followed by a linguistic and a psychological analysis of the usage patterns of a set of personality trait adjectives. The linguistic section draws on corpus linguistics to explore the distribution of these adjectives with female, male and gender-neutral personal nouns in the Corpus of Contemporary American English. The psychological analysis relates the usage frequencies of personality trait adjectives with the nouns man, woman and person in the Google Books corpus to desirability ratings of the adjectives.

This article reviews corpus-based Chinese studies, both applied and theoretical, from the 1920s to the present. It will be shown that, while corpus-based Chinese studies have been gaining momentum for only the last couple of decades, the roots of Chinese corpus linguistics go all the way back to the beginning of the 20th century. Today the bulk of corpus-based Chinese studies is oriented toward applied linguistics, with the compilation of frequency character/word lists and interlanguage Chinese studies being the most popular types of research. In addition to applied linguistic studies, this overview also highlights some innovative corpus studies on lexical and grammatical aspects of both classical and modern Chinese, as well as studies of sociolinguistic variation and discourse pragmatics. Overall, important groundwork in Chinese corpus linguistics is acknowledged and future directions are discussed.

What makes non-profit, philanthropic discourse so persuasive has not been well explored to date. Using a specialized corpus of direct-mail letters from philanthropic organizations in five different fields, this study seeks to combine the tools of corpus analysis with the specificity of genre analysis in a way that has not been done before to provide a new perspective on a genre that is not well understood. The underlying goal is to look for a methodology that will provide much of the qualitative detail that is common to genre analysis, while at the same time providing the reliability that is best assured by the quantitative power of computerized corpus analysis. Using Bhatia's approach to genre analysis (1993) and his exploratory efforts in investigating fundraising discourse (1997, 1998) as a foundation, key patterns in the rhetorical structure of direct-mail letters revealed through a large-scale corpus analysis are presented.

The present study came to life as a result of the scientific inquiry and classroom practice the author carried out over a period of almost twenty years of teaching business English at tertiary level, before, during and after completing a PhD thesis in Business English language curricula. She has constantly, throughout these years, tried to combine theoretical investigations with practical applications, and whenever possible, she kept a record of the analysis of quantitative and qualitative data obtained as a result of her classroom research, and analysed it in order to improve my teaching performance and my students’ learning experiences, or, as the case may be, to present the results on different occasions, such as conferences or round tables dedicated to the subject. It is structured into four main chapters, which lead us along the path of business language curriculum, from the general, wider perspective upon curriculum to more hands-on, practice- and research-based approaches to ...

Настоящая статья обращена к актуальной проблеме оценки репрезентативности специализированного лин-гвистического корпуса, предполагающее включение в него необходимо-достаточного количества текстов, обеспечивающих решение исследовательских задач. Анализируется методика достижения репрезентативности корпуса, предложенная А. Н. Барановым. В основе данной методики лежит идея накопления и коррекции относительной частоты феномена, достигаемой в процессе сплошного отбора контекстов его употребления. Метод применим к специализированному корпусу, сформированному исследователем само-стоятельно, путем сплошного отбора данных, содержащих исследуемый феномен. Предлагается метод верификации достоверности полученных при индексации корпуса данных, разработанный автором статьи. Метод опирается на закон текстового блока, в соот-ветствии с которым лингвистические единицы (слова, буквы, синтаксические функции, конструкции и т. д.) демонстрируют опреде-ленное распределение частоты в одинаково больших текстовых блоках, на принципы итеративности и пропорциональности, а так-же на принцип вычисления цепного индекса (статистический индекс многошагового расчета, характеризующий изменение показате-ля по отношению к каждому предыдущему шагу-итерации). На первом этапе рассчитывается индекс достоверности по отдель-ным параметрам, затем средний индекс достоверности по итерации. На следующем этапе, после новой итерации, средние индексы сопоставляются. Предлагаемый метод обладает такими преимуществами, как обеспечение достижения репрезентативности кор-пуса, возможность регулировать его объем, а также простота в использовании.

Schneider & Barron (2008) discuss the effect of macro-social factors such as region, ethnic background, age, social status and gender on intra-lingual pragmatic conventions, and state that, to date, they have received comparatively little attention in the study of pragmatics. This paper chooses two macro-social factors, age and gender, and focuses on how they impact on the use of response tokens in Irish English. Not only does the paper shed light on the use of variational pragmatics as a framework for corpus-based studies but it also brings together research on sociolinguistics and corpus linguistics, which has, to-date, been scarce (Baker 2010). The paper reveals the importance of avoiding the exploration of sociolinguistic variables in isolation and concludes by highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary research and the merits of fine-grained sociolinguistic investigations using small corpora.

The availability of partially overlapping parallel corpora for a language pair opens up opportunities for automatically comparing, evaluating and improving them. We compare and evaluate the alignment quality of two English-Estonian parallel corpora that have been created independently, but contain overlapping texts. We describe how to determine the overlapping parts and find their alignment similarities that allow us to economize

In the first part I discuss the methods used and observations which emerged from a couple of lessons I taught at the Scuola Superiore per Interpreti e Traduttori of the University of Bologna (SSLMIT), in which my students and I examined the evaluative prosodies of a number of items relating to forms of power, namely items which end in the word particles -cracy, -cratic, -archy, -archic. I then describe some of the further research and teaching I carried out on these topics. I investigated in particular whether new, ad hoc formations based on these particles, for example liberalocracy, in some way inherited the – generally negative - evaluative tendency. I hypothesise that this semi-hidden critical connotation may be the very reason for such items being coined. Finally I look at the potential for irony in the invention and use of such items, and speculate that research into the use of lookalike particles to the ones discussed here in other languages could be of interest to translators.

Keywords: evaluation, corpus-assisted discourse studies, semantic prosody, suffixes, political linguistics

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit dem Image von Deutschland in vier griechischen Zeitungen mit großem Leserpublikum im Zeitraum 2001-2013. Der Begriff „Image“ wird in dieser Arbeit als kognitive Einheit bzw. Gesamtheit von Vorstellungen, Bewertungen und Gefühlen einem anderen Land (in diesem Fall: Deutschland) gegenüber verstanden und auf die sprachlichen Mittel ihrer diskursiven Konstruktion hin untersucht, so dass die wissenschaftlichen Felder der Sozialpsychologie, der Diskursanalyse und der Medienwissenschaft kombiniert werden. Methodologisch kombiniert die Arbeit eine quantitative korpuslinguistische Analyse mit dem qualitativen diskurshistorischen Ansatz der Kritischen Diskursanalyse. Durch die analytischen Kategorien der Schlüssellexeme und der Kollokationen einerseits, der thematischen Analyse, Interdiskursivität/ Intertextualität und diskursiven Strategien andererseits werden die Eigenschaften herausgearbeitet, die Deutschland in der griechischen Presse zugeschrieben werden. Das Image Deutschlands in der griechischen Presse wird dabei sowohl diachronisch untersucht und dabei mit dem soziopolitischen Kontext (u.a. der griechischen Finanzkrise) in Beziehung gebracht, als auch synchronisch analysiert, wobei die Haltung der einzelnen Zeitungen Deutschland gegenüber unter die Lupe genommen wird. Dadurch werden sowohl die stabilen Eigenschaften als auch jene Eigenschaften des Images untersucht, die von Parametern, wie der Zeit und der Zeitung, beeinflusst werden.

Il presente lavoro intende ad unire al livello interdisciplinare la metodologia statistica e linguistica a scopo di disambiguare la semantica delle co-occorrenze delle forme ambigue estratti da un Corpus lirico dei testi provenzali medievali. Per effettuare tale analisi sono stati applicati i metodi di semiometria che rappresentano un approccio indispensabile per poter mettere al confronto i dati statistici ottenuti dopo l’estrazione, con i risultati dello studio strettamente linguistico.
La semiometria offre la possibilità di misurare i dati applicando le conoscenze di statistica e matematica ed usa approcci simili all’analisi psicometrica e biometrica. Nello stesso tempo è molto impiegata nelle ricerche su marketing e in Text Mining.

The paper provides results of the frequential distribution analysis of cybersecurity terms used in the Lithuanian cybersecurity corpus composed of texts of different genres. The research focuses on the following aspects: overall distribution of cybersecurity terms (their density and diversity) across genres, distribution of English and English-Lithuanian terms and their usage patterns in Lithuanian sentences, and, finally, the most frequent cybersecurity terms and their thematic groups in each genre. The research was performed in several stages: compilation of a cybersecurity corpus and its subdivision into genre-specific subcorpora, manual annotation of cybersecurity terms, automatic lemmatisation of annotated terms and, finally, quantitative analysis of the distribution of the terms across the subcorpora. The results reveal the similarities and differences of the I. Linguistic Research / Lingvistikos tyrimai / Badania lingwistyczne S. Rackevičienė, A. Utka et al. Distribution of Terms Across Genres in the Annotated Lithuanian Cybersecurity Corpus use of cybersecurity terminology across genres which are important to consider to get a complete picture of terminology usage trends in this domain.

Existing studies on the translation of Nadsat – the invented language in A Clockwork Orange – neglect the fact that Nadsat is a result of language contact between English and Russian, and ignore the role that translators play in linguistic innovation, as well as the motivating factors behind their creativity. This study addresses this conspicuous gap by examining a multilingual corpus of A Clockwork Orange from a language contact and language change perspective, and creating for the first time a link between adaptation, as understood in contact linguistics, and creativity in translation. The focus is on how Russian-derived nouns in the English version have been rendered in four versions of Nadsat (French, German, Greek, and Spanish), and how these differ from naturally occurring Russian loan nouns in these languages, in terms of gender assignment and inflection. Results suggest that the level of creativity that translators demonstrate is not simply an indication of their talent, but rather a result of an interplay of factors related to translation, and that concepts from the field of language contact are particularly effective in reframing the way in which creativity is viewed in translation studies.

Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/Qui4mZh2eAKjKjYm8HyA/full

1 (English) The spread of English as the Lingua Franca of international communication has given rise to meaningful language contact phenomena in the world's languages like loanwords and pseudo-loanwords, namely, words from one language (the donor language) are adopted by another language (the recipient language) sometimes becoming naturalized (Gusmani 1973). From this perspective, it is thus interesting to observe their behaviour in real language use. In particular, this study investigates Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms found in the newspaper discourse of Brexit by way of a bilingual corpus collected from two Italian newspapers, i.e. La Repubblica and Il Corriere della Sera and two British newspapers, i.e. The Independent and The Guardian selected for both their authoritativeness and their extensive readership. The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union was chosen because it is a widely covered topic both in the Italian and in the British press, thus providing abundant material for comparative analysis, as well as offering useful data in order to explore linguistic variation. It was useful for building an electronic corpus which was retrieved from the digital archives of the newspapers' websites in order to carry out an automated text analysis. The corpus includes articles collected during the periods that both preceded and followed the Brexit referendum. In order to carry out the analysis, corpus-driven methodology was used, namely an approach that lets hypotheses emerge from corpus observation (Tognini-Bonelli 2001). The investigation was carried out by way of the software TalTac2, and the automated text analysis, as a result, turned out to be invaluable in order to investigate and monitor the newspapers' vocabulary which included technical terms from the fields of politics, economics and finance as well as general language words. In order to design and sample a representative corpus, the parameters proposed by Biber (1993) were used to identify descriptive criteria so as to select and balance the population. The aim of this study is to get an overview of the Brexit discourse as used in the two countries' newspapers' vocabulary and terminology (of the two countries) by using text mining to compare and categorize the whole corpus as a collection of texts and, then, to cluster documents on the basis of the lexical similarity of the vocabulary to establish semantic fields or conceptual areas. Furthermore, by way of the lexical and textual analysis, this study also investigates Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms in the Italian newspapers, identifying and analyzing a list of English words used in Italian. The two British newspapers serve as a reference corpus to compare to the list of Anglicisms extracted from the Italian corpus. The articles retrieved from the British newspapers serve to find out which words are typical of each corpus and to identify pseudo-anglicisms, namely new words that seem to be English forms, even though they do not exist in English, or if they do exist, they have a clearly different meaning. Lastly, the data gathered from the bilingual corpus analysis were later compared with other wider corpora included in SketchEngine and on the Brigham Young University platform in order to make generalizations about the distribution of Anglicisms and pseudo-Anglicisms in general language corpora. Abstract 2 (Italian) La diffusione e l'affermazione dell'inglese come lingua franca della comunicazione internazionale ha generato fenomeni significativi di contatto linguistico come i prestiti e i falsi prestiti, ossia parole originariamente nate in una lingua modello che entrano a far parte di un'altra lingua (lingua replica) alla quale vengono talvolta assimilate e adattate (Gusmani 1973). È quindi interessante osservarne l'uso e l'andamento in testi autentici che presentano la lingua nel suo uso corrente. Questo studio analizza gli anglicismi e i falsi anglicismi nel discorso giornalistico della Brexit, attraverso un corpus tratto dai quotidiani italiani La Repubblica e Il Corriere della Sera e dai quotidiani britannici The Guardian e The Independent, che sono stati selezionati per la loro diffusione 2 VALERIA FIASCO JADT 2018 : 14 es Journées internationales d'Analyse statistique des Données Textuelles e la loro autorevolezza. La scelta della tematica dell'uscita del Regno Unito dall'Unione Europea è stata dettata da diversi fattori, tra i quali l'ampia diffusione dell'argomento nella stampa italiana e in quella britannica, dando la possibilità di creare un corpus per realizzare un'analisi comparativa attraverso l'esplorazione della variazione linguistica. Dal momento che queste riviste offrono una versione online che mette a disposizione un archivio digitale consultabile, sono particolarmente adatte per creare un corpus che può essere esaminato attraverso l'analisi automatica del testo. Il corpus è composto da articoli raccolti durante il periodo che precede e segue il referendum della Brexit e la metodologia utilizzata per condurre l'analisi è di tipo corpus-driven, ossia un approccio esplorativo in cui, partendo dall'osservazione del corpus, si arriva alla formulazione delle ipotesi (Tognini-Bonelli 2001). Il software TalTac2 e l'analisi automatica dei testi sono stati estremamente preziosi per esaminare e monitorare il lessico della stampa che include termini tecnici della politica, dell'economia e della finanza, insieme a parole che fanno parte del lessico comune. Per progettare il corpus, sono stati utilizzati i parametri proposti da Biber (1993) con lo scopo di identificare i criteri descrittivi per selezionare e bilanciare la popolazione all'interno del corpus. L'obiettivo di questa ricerca è offrire un'analisi del lessico e della terminologia utilizzata nel discorso sulla Brexit nei quotidiani italiani e inglesi attraverso il text mining per raffrontare i testi che compongono il corpus, categorizzarli e raggrupparli sulla base di somiglianze lessicali per individuare i campi semantici e le aree concettuali. Inoltre, l'analisi lessicale e testuale ha consentito l'identificazione degli anglicismi e dei falsi anglicismi nei quotidiani italiani, mentre il corpus dei quotidiani britannici ha svolto la funzione di corpus di riferimento per paragonare la lista degli anglicismi estratta dal corpus italiano con i dati raccolti nel corpus britannico, capire quali parole sono tipiche di ogni lingua e identificare i falsi anglicismi, vale a dire parole che presentano una forma inglese, che però non esistono nel vocabolario originario o nel caso in cui esistano, il loro significato è completamente differente. Infine, i dati raccolti dall'analisi del corpus bilingue sono stati successivamente confrontati con altri corpora più ampi, consultabili su SketchEngine e sulla piattaforma della Brigham Young University con lo scopo di fare delle generalizzazioni sulla distribuzione degli anglicismi e dei falsi anglicismi in corpora non specialistici.

This article investigates prototypically attributive versus predicative adjectives in English in terms of the phonological properties that have been associated especially with nouns versus verbs in a substantial body of psycholinguistic research (e.g. Kelly 1992) – often ignored in theoretical linguistic work on word classes. Inspired by Berg's (2000, 2009) ‘cross-level harmony constraint’, the hypothesis I test is that prototypically attributive adjectives not only align more with nouns than with verbs syntactically, semantically and pragmatically, but also phonologically – and likewise for prototypically predicative adjectives and verbs. I analyse the phonological structure of frequent adjectives from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and show that the data do indeed support the hypothesis. Berg's ‘cross-level harmony constraint’ may thus apply not only to the entire word classes noun, verb and adjective, but also to these two adjectival subclasses. I dis...

Punjabi language is most widely spoken language of Pakistan (Abbas, Chohan, Ahmed, & Kaleem, 2016). Punjabi is under developed language because of which, upcoming generations are shifting to other technically and digitally developed languages such as Urdu and English. In result of which, the sound shift is being observed in Punjabi language. Sounds which used to be present in the past in Punjabi language are found missing now. This leads to a problematic situation that this sound shift may result in language extinction and sound loss. This study is about the sound change and it has been studied in Punjabi language. On the basis of observation of speech in surrounding, researcher made a hypothesis that those speakers of Punjabi language who acquired Punjabi as L1 are able to produce few distinctive sounds that are not produced by the speakers who acquired Urdu as a mother tongue. For this purpose, a corpus of 2 million words was collected and the words including the sounds |n| ‫ن‬ an...

The language of tasting notes is not always precise, since it is used to express sensations that can be very subjective. Wine tasters use descriptors to express what they see, smell and taste in a wine, but these common terms are often used even by wine experts with what has been termed as a blithe lack of precision. Hence, wine blogs and wine magazines often include wine glossaries that cover, among other wine vocabulary, wine tasting descriptors. These dictionaries and glossaries often result in problems of term selection and term definition. The purpose of this paper is to compare the specialised glossary or dictionary definitions of a limited number of descriptors with their actual use in wine tasting notes and come up with definitions which are a closer match to the descriptors as they are really used. ARTICLE HISTORY

This article provides a consistent formal grammatical and ontological description of the model of the Tibetan compounds system, developed and used for automatic syntactic and semantic analysis of Tibetan texts, on the material of a hand-verified corpus. This model covers all types of Tibetan compounds, which were previously introduced by other authors, and introduces a number of new classes of compounds, taking into account their derivation, structure and semantics. The article describes the tools used for ontological modeling of Tibetan compounds; special attention is paid to the problem of modeling the semantics of verbs and verbal compounds. Nominal and verbal compounds are considered separately, it is noted that the importance of verbal compounds for the Tibetan language system is not less than that of nominal compounds. The statistical data on the absolute frequency distribution of the use of compounds of different types in the current version of the corpus annotation and on the amounts of ontology concepts associated with each class of compounds are given.