British Empire

Interracial sex mattered to the British colonial state in West Africa. In Crossing the Color Line, Carina E. Ray goes beyond this fact to reveal how Gold Coasters—their social practices, interests, and anxieties—shaped and defined these powerfully charged relations across racial lines. The interplay between African and European perspectives and practices, argues Ray, transformed these relationships into key sites for consolidating colonial rule and for contesting its racial and gendered hierarchies of power.

With rigorous methodology and innovative analyses, Ray brings Ghana and Britain into a single analytic frame by examining cases in both locales. Intimate relations between black men and white women in Britain’s port cities emerge as an influential part of the history of interracial sex and empire in ways that are connected to rather than eclipsed by relations between European men and African women in the colony.

Based on rich archival evidence and original interviews, the book moves across different registers, shifting from the micropolitics of individual disciplinary cases against colonial officers who “kept” local women to transatlantic networks of family, empire, and anticolonial resistance. In this way, Ray cuts to the heart of how interracial sex became a source of colonial anxiety and nationalist agitation during the first half of the twentieth century.

The town of Augusta, 300km south of Perth in Western Australia, was settled in May 1830 and represents the first regional settlement of the British Swan River Colony outside of the Swan River area that was settled in 1829. One of many New World settlements established in Australia – and the rest of the New World – during the latter stage of the Industrial Revolution (c.1760-1840), it has not been studied despite its archaeological potential and significance. Augusta’s physical environment, isolation and milder climate comparative to the main settlements established at the Swan River makes it an excellent case study to observe adaptation in frontier environments during this period in Australian and the broader New World context.

The formation of the Swan River Colony resulted in the first ‘free’ – not associated with penal systems of emigration – British settlement in Australia and the archaeology of these initial towns is useful for studying behaviour in frontier environments. Despite Australia’s importance to the archaeological study of free settlement during this period, the comparative emphasis on penal history has created a bias – and general public perception – that Australia’s history is synonymous with a penal colony. While penal systems undoubtedly contributed to rapid development by a good supply of labour and resources, the bias is at the detriment of studying human behaviour in frontier environments. Western Australia was formally a penal colony from 1849 but despite two decades of free settlement the current archaeological literature about its past is tethered to the period post-1849.

The study of adaptation has been a focus of archaeology for many decades that has included how humans learn in frontier environments. A more recent emphasis has been placed on attempting to understand the specific cognitive and environmental variables involved in learning in a foreign environment. Rockman’s (2003) Landscape Learning Model provides a framework to understand how humans learn in a foreign environment using the variables of locational knowledge that involve locating resources; limitational knowledge linked to the limits of the environment and its resources; and social knowledge that is about how existing culture translates into the new environment. The Landscape Learning Model provides a framework that aims to understand the process and archaeological patterns of learning in a foreign environment.

This project asks the questions ‘what knowledge did British settlers bring and how effective was it at Augusta?’ and, ‘what is the archaeological evidence of learning at Augusta’. The questions were addressed using the results of a Geographical Information Systems (GIS) desktop study, two excavations in the main town site – those relating to the Turner and Molloy families– and four pedestrian surveys outside the main town site. The data from these surveys was subjected to functional analysis and used Rockman’s (2003) Landscape Learning Model as a framework to draw out inferences aiming to address learning at Augusta between 1830 and 1849 when most of the 1830 settlers left the area.

The results of this study present a slightly different narrative to that presented in the secondary histories written since the 1950s. The comparative emphasis in these histories on the later Vasse and Busselton settlements provides a basis for inferring that the function of Augusta was as a steppingstone following its abandonment by most of the initial British settlers. Additionally, interpretation to-date using only surviving primary historical documents and the human tendency to explain abandonment using failure – a ‘disaster mindset’ (C. Cameron & Tomka, 1993) - has resulted in the reasons surrounding British settlers departing Augusta being limited to that settlers were unable to overcome the blight of isolation and the physical environment. This is not the case. The British were highly resilient and the archaeology of this project demonstrates that this resilience enabled settlers to effectively learn about the new – foreign – environment. Furthermore, this research suggests that it is not useful to consider Augusta as ‘abandoned’ in 1849 given that continuous settlement occurred post-1849 and the exodus of British settlers can be attributed to social knowledge. The results of the study also highlight the archaeological potential and significance of Augusta and need for future study.

Examines convict life when Singapore was a penal colony between 1825 and 1873 and the unusual convict system where prisoners were their own warders. The magnificent buildings and construction that still stand today are a legacy of their enduring contributions.

These two chapters provide an illuminating political and cultural history of the interior design of India’s presidential residence which was originally designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens to be the house for the British viceroy. They also provides a detailed catalogue of select artworks kept in the house. Rich illustrations reveal how the interiors stand now, and they are contrasted with archival photographs that show how the house has evolved over the past 90 years including previously unpublished plans and sketches for the décor of the interiors of the house some of which date back to as early as 1914—these provide a rare
glimpse into how it was originally intended.
While the architecture of the actual edifice of the Rashtrapati Bhavan may be Lutyens’s most enduring legacy, the interiors of the building preserve a much more versatile history. These chapters trace how Lutyens achieved a stylish interior that accommodated the tastes and needs of various British aristocratic residents, politicians and bureaucrats, but equally had to impress an Indian public—for which, it needed also to incorporate a vocabulary of Indian design ornament. After the independence of India, many symbols of the colonial empire were rendered inappropriate and the interiors of the Rashtrapati Bhavan had to be transformed into the home of the president of a democratic republic with a rich history. This glimpse into the tastes of its different residents and the compulsions that guided them traces a most telling history of a changing world.

This paper will discuss the idea of modernism in territory as complex as India, with a focus on the city of Chandigarh. It will be examined how Chandigarh operates within the notion of national identity in India, and specifically, whether the new capital evokes Indianness or is another example of European hegemony, placed even after the era of colonialism, within postcolonial reality.

This essay attempts to integrate the local paradigm of the Ionian State into the general structures of the British Empire, while at the same time examines the institutional continuities deriving from the Venetian dominion. An overall plan of the Ionian State's administration, focusing on governmental practices from the institutional point of view, is also being undertaken. The essay was based on primary and secondary sources' elaboration, referring to the administrative organization and to the state system in the Ionian Islands under the British Rule. Reflecting that, the social structure of the local society was interconnected to administrative mechanism. From a methodological perspective, the use of administrative archives is instrumental in synthetic process, in an effort to portray social networks and to clarify the formation of both individual and collective identities. Developing, however, the empirical work in the factual context is deemed necessary. The text is arranged in two parts: the first refers to the local economic realities, as well as to the economic mechanisms shaped in the context of the British Rule. Both subject matters are examined in very general terms. Public finance, the banking sector and the monetary system are research objects, aiming at a grosso modo description of Ionian State's economic practices. In this framework, a special mention is made to the financial mission of Gladstone to the Ionian Islands. British Rule's economic policy is also being considered with regard to the changes in property rights: although the policy of the abolition of the feudal rural estate is not completed during the period of the Ionian State, it is nevertheless indicative of the market's transition to more liberal (or more monetarized) forms. Finally, the economic reforms taking place between 1834 and 1836 are analyzed, with special focus on the protection of local agricultural products. A reference to commercial and maritime activity is also included, with emphasis on government interventions to support (or not support) private initiative. The second part of the essay examines the gradual articulation of the state mechanism and the way this is reflected to the intended rationalization of legislative and executive authorities. In this context, the language used in administration (Italian, English, and then Greek) elucidates reforms and alterations of the State mechanism, and is also related to the emergence of a local identity. The statecraft of the Ionian State is also being examined, with a reference to the previous constitutional texts of the Septinsular Republic, as an encounter of both institutional continuity and discontinuity. Thus, the administrative mechanisms of the Ionian State are analyzed in their interaction with the local society, as an indicator of British colonial practices. Beyond the articulation of the executive, juridical and legislative authorities, as expressed in the Constitution of 1817 but also as reflected in the relevant archive material, the text contains an analysis of the reforms of 1848/1849 that basically correspond to a more proportional representation of the local population and to alterations concerning the executive authority expressed by the Commissioners, the Senate and local governors (prefects). Finally, as the administration is ran by individuals, a special reference to the relevant social network deriving from governmental practices is made: The State's administration staffing during the period of the British Rule constitutes a qualitative indicator for the social formation of the Ionian Islands and for social mobility, mainly in the context of the higher and middle-class bourgeoisie.

Anglo-Indians, a designation acquired in the 1911 Indian Census, had previously been known as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons and half-castes. ‘Anglo-Indian’ had previously denoted, and among some scholars continues to denote, Britons long resident in India. We will define Anglo-Indians as a particular mixed race Indo-European population arising out of the European trading and imperial presence in India, and one of several constructed categories by which transient Britons sought to demarcate racial difference within the Raj’s socio-racial hierarchy. Anglo-Indians were placed in an intermediary (and differentially remunerated) position between Indians and Domiciled Europeans (another category excluded from fully ‘white’ status), who in turn were placed below imported British superiors. The domiciled community (of Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans, treated as a single socio-economic class by Britons) were relied upon as loyal buttressing agents of British rule who could be deployed to help run the Raj’s strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, and who were made as a term of their service to serve in auxiliary military forces which could help to ensure the internal security of the Raj and respond to strikes, civil disobedience or crises arising from international conflict.

The thesis reveals how calls for Indianisation of state and railway employment by Indian nationalists in the assemblies inaugurated by the 1919 Government of India Act threatened, through opening up their reserved intermediary positions to competitive entry and examination by Indians, to undermine the economic base of domiciled employment. Anglo-Indian leaders responded with varying strategies. Foremost was the definition of Anglo-Indians as an Indian minority community which demanded political representation through successive phases of constitutional change and statutory safeguards for their existing employment. This study explores various strategies including: deployment of multiple identities; widespread racial passing by individuals and families; agricultural colonisation schemes; and calls for individual, familial or collective migration.

"Europe and the Islamic World sheds much-needed light on the shared roots of Islamic and Western cultures and on the richness of their inextricably intertwined histories, refuting once and for all the misguided notion of a "clash of civilizations" between the Muslim world and Europe. In this landmark book, three eminent historians bring to life the complex and tumultuous relations between Genoans and Tunisians, Alexandrians and the people of Constantinople, Catalans and Maghrebis--the myriad groups and individuals whose stories reflect the common cultural, intellectual, and religious heritage of Europe and Islam. Since the seventh century, when the armies of Constantinople and Medina fought for control of Syria and Palestine, there has been ongoing contact between the Muslim world and the West. This sweeping history vividly recounts the wars and the crusades, the alliances and diplomacy, commerce and the slave trade, technology transfers, and the intellectual and artistic exchanges. Here readers are given an unparalleled introduction to key periods and events, including the Muslim conquests, the collapse of the Byzantine Empire, the commercial revolution of the medieval Mediterranean, the intellectual and cultural achievements of Muslim Spain, the crusades and Spanish reconquest, the rise of the Ottomans and their conquest of a third of Europe, European colonization and decolonization, and the challenges and promise of this entwined legacy today. As provocative as it is groundbreaking, this book describes this shared history in all its richness and diversity, revealing how ongoing encounters between Europe and Islam have profoundly shaped both."

This chapter examines how representations of Britain’s ‘imperial’ history continue to form an important part of contemporary mediated constructions of Britain.  Specifically, this is explored in English national newspaper coverage of the 2012 London Olympic Ceremonies.  Accordingly, while the English press served to frame Britain in relation to its imperial decline, the subsequent success of the Games revealed discourses that reflected, reinvented and reimagined Britain’s past within the present.  Indeed, such findings are particularly relevant for exploring how historical significances are embedded in mediated constructions and (re)constructions of the nation during sporting mega-events.

This volume examines the relationship between imperial collapse, the emergence of successor nationalism, the exclusion of ethnic groups with the wrong credentials, and the refugee experience. It brings together a coherent range of essays, written by established authorities and emerging scholars, which offer a highly original and comparative way of examining the refugee experience on a global scale. The book is structured into three distinct sections. The first of these contains three overview pieces introducing the key themes in the volume. The second focuses specifically upon the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires at the end of the First World War, with individual essays on specific case studies. The third examines 'The Consequences and Legacy of British Imperial Collapse', with a particular focus upon the experiences of South Asians immediately after the partition of India and the specific case of Uganda.

У статті вперше в українській історіографії аналізується етнічний аспект британської колоніальної політики в Карибському басейні у XVII–XVIII ст. Етнічний розвиток британських карибських колоній є малодослідженою темою в новітній історіографії. Охарактеризовано становище рабів, привезених з Африки. Визначено основні етнічні групи, що сформувалися в Британській Вест-Індії.
Ключові слова: колонія, Карибський басейн, етнос, мулат, креол.

В статье впервые в украинской историографии анализируется этнический аспект британской колониальной политики в Карибском бассейне в XVII–XVIII вв. Этническое развитие британских карибских колоний является малоисследованной темой в новейшей историографии. Охарактеризовано положение рабов, привезенных из Африки. Определены основные этнические группы, сформировавшиеся в Британской Вест-Индии.
Ключевые слова: колония, Карибский бассейн, этнос, мулат, креол.

For the first time in Ukrainian historiography ethnic aspect of British colonial policy in the Caribbean in XVII–XVIII centuries is analyzed in the article. Ethnic development of British Caribbean colonies is insufficiently investigated in modern historiography. Status of slaves brought from Africa is characterized. Main ethnic groups which were formed in the British West Indies are defined.
Keywords: colony, Caribbean, ethnicity, mulatto, Creole.

How did the concept of the secular state emerge and evolve in Australia and how has it impacted on its institutions? This is the most comprehensive study to date on the relationship between religion and the state in Australian history, focusing on the meaning of political secularity in a society that was from the beginning marked by a high degree of religious plurality.

This book tracks the rise and fall of the established Church of England, the transition to plural establishments, the struggle for a public Christian secular education system, and the eventual separation of church and state throughout the colonies. The study is unique in that it does not restrict its concern with religion to the churches but also examines how religious concepts and ideals infused apparently secular political and social thought and movements making the case that much Australian thought and institution building has had a sacral–secular quality. Social welfare reform, nationalism, and emerging conceptions of citizenship and civilisation were heavily influenced by religious ideals, rendering problematic traditional linear
narratives of secularisation.

Finally, the book considers present day pluralist Australia and new understandings of state secularity in light of massive social changes over recent generations.

I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında yayınlanan ,Hicaz Kralı ve Arap Bağımsızlığı, Arabistan ve Irak'taki çağdaş siyasi gelişmelerle ilgilenen 14 sayfalık bir kitapçıktır. Olayların içeriğini veren kısa bir girişten sonra,Haziran 1916'da Şerif Hüseyin'in Ali'nin bağımsızlık bildirisinin orijinal Arapça bir nüshası ve ve İngilizce tercümesi bulunmaktadır
The King of Hedjaz and Arab Independence, with a Facsimile of the Proclamation of June 27, 1916

This article investigates the entanglement of knowledge regarding vegetable gardening in early colonial Bengal through the prism of the yearly vegetable exhibitions organized in Calcutta by the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India (AHSI, founded in 1820). The European members of the society thought that there were not enough vegetables grown in Bengal and that the commonly eaten vegetables were nutritionally inadequate. In order to 'improve' local vegetable cultivation, the society held a yearly exhibition in which Bengali gardeners received prizes for growing new vegetables, such as cauliflower and cabbage. To supply these exhibitions, the society ordered large shipments of seeds and then distributed them to malis (Bengali gardeners) around Calcutta. In the 1830s they extended this practice to their satellite societies across India. The end result was an increase in the cultivation of these vegetables, and eventually their absorption into local cuisine. Yet, Bengali gardeners continued to bring other vegetables to the exhibitions which were not from the AHSI seed. Eventually, the society's officers reacted to these unsolicited contributions by including awards for them. However, many members were anxious and unsure about these changes, constantly trying to make the vegetable exhibitions mimic the vegetable market at Covent Garden in London. In order to contain the changing exhibitions, they reiterated a divide between 'native' and 'foreign' vegetables by holding separate exhibitions for each. As such, this article reformulates the idea of mimicry, focusing more strongly on British ambivalence and anxiety as they tried to reiterate colonial boundaries with mixed success.

Edited by Michael Brown, Anna Maria Barry, and Joanne Begiato
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2019).


Introduction - Michael Brown and Joanne Begiato
Part I: Experiencing martial masculinities
1 Burying Lord Uxbridge's leg: the body of the hero in the early nineteenth century - Julia Banister
2 Brothers in arms? Martial masculinities and family feeling in old soldiers' memoirs, 1793-1815 - Louise Carter
3 Recalling the comforts of home: bachelor soldiers' narratives of nostalgia and the re-creation of the domestic interior - Helen Metcalfe
4 Charles Incledon: a singing sailor on the Georgian stage - Anna Maria Barry
5 Visualising the aged veteran in nineteenth-century Britain: memory, masculinity and nation - Michael Brown and Joanne Begiato
Part II: Imagining martial masculinities
6 Hunger and cannibalism: James Hogg's deconstruction of Scottish military masculinities in The Three Perils of Man or War, Women, and Witchcraft! - Barbara Leonardi
7 Model military men: Charlotte Yonge and the 'martial ardour' of 'a soldier's daughter' - Susan Walton
8 'And the individual withers': Tennyson and the enlistment into military masculinity - Lorenzo Servitje
9 Charlotte Brönte's 'warrior priest': St John Rivers and the language of war - Karen Turner
10 'Something which every boy can learn': accessible knightly masculinities in children's Arthuriana, 1903-11 - Elly McCausland
11 'A story of treasure, war, and wild adventure': hero-worship, imperial masculinities, and inter-generational ideologies in H. Rider Haggard's 1880s fiction - Helen Goodman
Epilogue: gendered virtue, gendered vigour and gendered valour - Isaac Land
Index

Colin Kidd’s work offers an intellectual history of the ambiguous connection between Protestant theology and concepts of race since the early modern era. In the conclusion to the book, Kidd hints at the original point of departure for his research: he was driven by the “suspicion . . . that the dethroning of biblical authority was a necessary prelude to the emergence of modern racism” (271). The secular Enlightenment had opened the way to all sorts of horrors by intentionally or unintentionally
undermining the “message of universal brotherly love found in the New
Testament” (271). Yet in the course of his research, Kidd has to admit that the attractive simplicity of this hypothesis did not stand up to the pressure of the evidence. Rather than a quasi-Hegelian schema then, The Forging of Races offers a history of “illogical developments” (271). Kidd’s analysis demonstrates how different strains of Protestant theology both obstructed and enabled racial thought. He takes very seriously
the antiracist implications of the Christian doctrine of monogenesis, that is, the insistence on the essential equality and community of mankind derived from the belief in the divine creation of mankind from a single origin. But he also notes that the ambiguities of biblical exegesis generated contradictory interpretations, which in turn served as a crucible for racial thought. He suggests that lingering questions about the narrative of Genesis raised the possibility of multiple acts of creation—in short, the polygenesis of different races. These two opposing tendencies provide The Forging of Races with its fundamental drama and critical impetus.

https://www.amazon.com/United-States-Transatlantic-Americas-1776-1867/dp/0300212410/

While much of modern scholarship has focused on the American slave trade’s impact within the United States, considerably less has addressed its effects in other parts of the Americas. A rich analysis of a complex subject, this study draws on Portuguese, Brazilian, and Spanish primary documents—as well as English-language material—to shed new light on the changing behavior of slave traders and their networks, particularly in Brazil and Cuba. Slavery in these nations, as Marques shows, contributed to the mounting tensions that would ultimately lead to the U.S. Civil War. Taking a truly Atlantic perspective, Marques outlines the multiple forms of U.S. involvement in this traffic amid various legislation and shifting international relations, exploring the global processes that shaped the history of this participation.

This article examines the political satire of Nova Scotian writer and politician Thomas Chandler Haliburton through the lens of early nineteenth-century transatlantic debates over reform and the best form of government. Haliburton’s Sam Slick sketches, featuring a charismatic Yankee commenting on global political affairs, were immensely popular at the time, being published and read in Britain, Canada, and the US. The following pages argue that Haliburton’s portrayal of American culture is informed by his negative views on popular democracy and on its relationship with the nascent industrial capitalism transforming North America. Haliburton’s political satire was meant to persuade colonial readers that the introduction of American-style elective institutions in Nova Scotia had the potential to radically alter British North American culture, and push the colonies out of the orbit of the Empire.

This article considers British efforts to pacify Caribbean subjects through improvements in health and sanitation during the interwar period. When Barbadians mobilized against poor working and living conditions in the 1920s, the Colonial Office, under a renewed commitment to " trusteeship, " urged the Barbadian government to improve health and sanitary conditions to prevent further unrest. However, the White creole elites who controlled the local state used eugenic arguments to challenge reforms that would benefit poor Black subjects. Rather than improve colonial relations, metropolitan efforts to reform public health in Barbados instead revealed the limitations at the heart of imperial rule.

Aujourd'hui décrié pour ses effets sur la santé, le sucre est omniprésent dans notre alimentation, mais cela n'a pas toujours été le cas. En retraçant son histoire, Walvin démontre à quel point son influence politique, économique et sociale a modelé nos sociétés modernes.

Rudyard Kipling's final novel, Kim (1901), begins with an intriguing - if paradoxical - description of the eponymous Kim, or Kimball O'Hara: he is an "English" boy with an Irish name and Irish parentage who speaks "the [Indian] vernacular by preference" (1). While the narrator hastens to reassure the reader that Kim is both "white" and "English," Kim is also "burned black as any native" and speaks his supposed "mother tongue," English, in an "uncertain sing-song" (1). If we are to take Kipling's assertion at face value, that Kim is, indeed, "English," then certainly this is a kind of Englishness that is divorced completely from the racially pure ideals of Anglo-Saxon whiteness that were privileged by many racial theorists earlier in the nineteenth century. As an Irish Celt, Kipling's protagonist is always already at a layer of remove from ideals of pure Englishness, but Kipling renders Kim's racial identity even more complicated in the text. The manuscript of Kim gives us some telling clues about the contexts that inform Kipling's peculiar descriptions of "burned black" whiteness in his finished novel. While the published text baldly declares that "Kim was English. . . . Kim was white" (1; ch. 1; emphasis mine), parts of the manuscript are much less certain of this fact, as that document asserts that Kim "looked like a half caste" (Kipling, Kim o' the 'Rishti n. 3). And while Kipling ultimately removed this explicit link between Kim and Eurasian bodies in the opening of his published text, this disavowal is neither complete nor convincing throughout Kim. For instance, in the novel, the narrator later describes a "half-caste woman who looked after [Kim . . . and] told the missionaries that she was Kim's mother's sister" (1; ch. 1). While this woman is not, in fact, the boy's aunt, Kim's near-familial tie with her underlines the intimate connection between him and the hybridized subjects of empire. Indeed, Kim demonstrates ideological and affective links to non-white Others and to people of mixed race, and this connection between whiteness and racial hybridity is of central importance to Kipling. If Kim is tenuously white, then he can only perform this whiteness in immediate proximity to racial hybridity, with which whiteness is ideologically contiguous in this text. As I contend in this paper, Kim reveals the under-examined links between early twentieth-century ideas of white British identity and descriptions of imperial miscegenation. In Kim, "White" and "English" emerge as a vexed pair of signifiers that reveal unprecedented traces of racial and national hybridization.

This article will challenge the currently accepted notions of weak British consular presence, influence and activity in the southern Mediterranean during the period 1795–1832 through a case study of the careers of three successive consuls in the Regency of Tripoli: Simon Lucas, William Wass Langford and Hanmer Warrington. Utilising the official correspondence of these agents, the extent of the consular bridgehead in the capital, Tripoli, will be investigated, and how, through these consular and diplomatic agents, it served to define imperial interests and activity at the frontiers of empire. Moreover, the overlapping personal and professional networks within which the consuls embedded themselves, the role of enterprising missions and the development of an intelligence-gathering network will be of central significance in understanding the consequent ruptures in the social and political fabric of the Regency of Tripoli. British imperial interest in North Africa during and immediately post the Napoleonic era remains under-studied and misunderstood within both British diplomatic and imperial history. This article challenges the existing literature that underestimates the diplomatic as well as consular power exercised by the British consuls to Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, as well as the importance of these three Barbary regencies to wider strategic interests in the Mediterranean.