Bio-Inspired Systems

The network based denial of service attacks (DoS) are still the big challenge to the researchers in the field of network security. This paper handles the popular DoS attack called TCP-SYN flood attack, and presents the design and implementation of an Artificial Immune system for Syn flood Detection, abbreviated by AISD, based on the Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA). The AISD system is able to detect the generated SYN flood attack and response to its generator in a real-time. Performance and accuracy of the system have been evaluated through five experiments. Results of the experiments showed the precision of intrusion detection process to the ratio of 100%, with a notable response speed, and this is shows the benefit and suitability of using artificial immune systems to the network security problems.

Ad-hoc social networks (ASNETs) represent a special type of traditional ad-hoc network in which a user's social properties (such as the social connections and communications metadata as well as application data) are leveraged for offering enhanced services in a distributed infrastructureless environments. However , the wireless medium, due to limited bandwidth, can easily suffer from the problem of congestion when social metadata and application data are exchanged among nodes-a problem that is compounded by the fact that some nodes may act selfishly and not share its resources. While a number of congestion control schemes have been proposed for the traditional ad-hoc networks, there has been limited focus on incorporating social awareness into congestion control schemes. We revisit the existing traditional ad-hoc congestion control and data distribution protocols and motivate the need for embedding social awareness into these protocols to improve performance. We report that although some work is available in opportunistic network that uses socially-aware techniques to control the congestion issue, this area is largely unexplored and warrants more research attention. In this regards, we highlight the current research progress and identify multiple future directions of research.

—This paper investigates the possibility to model and implement a three-link snake robot in Matlab & Simulink. The snake locomotion is based on the friction between its body with the surface using the so called serpenoid curves. The proposed control law is designed in joint space using a proportional-derivative (PD) controller applied to the error obtained from the snake joints. The simulation results validate the possibility to implement a three-link snake robot using the suggested control strategy.

Presently, various governments and organizations are focusing towards digitization of technical and academic documents, which overloads the digital libraries. However, it is difficult to manage a huge amount of data (big data) with current data processing techniques. In literature, bio-inspired algorithms based models and architectures are developed by various industry and academic groups to facilitate data analytics for big data. This chapter depicts a broad methodical literature analysis of bio-inspired algorithms for big data analytics. The current status of bio-inspired algorithms is categorized into three different categories: ecological, swarm-based and evolutionary. This chapter compares the existing models and architectures, explores the current trends and identifies the existing challenges in the development of big data analytical technique. This research work will also help to choose the most appropriate bio-inspired algorithm for big data analytics in a specific type of data along with promising directions for future research.

The aim of this master thesis is to develop, implement and adapt a neural model for bio-inspired segmentation of color images. This model is based on BCS/FCS and previous works developed by the research group, but incorporating computations in the frequency domain, to get even more speed processing; since a temporal convolution in frequency can be seen as a complex multiplication. The developed application works on GPU-CPU heterogeneous architectures, so that the model computations are parallelizable in GPU using C for CUDA.

Different programming languages are used. The core of the program is written in C and C++, the parallelization on GPUs is done in C for CUDA, the image processing is carried out through OpenCV library, the automatism will in part with batch files of batch processing, the results are displayed in a simple web page programmed in HTML and CSS, and the frequency processing on GPU is made with the C for CUDA CUFFT library.

Effective transportation involves an efficient and faster connection to a destination. In other to solve the problem of finding the shortest distance in a transportation network, many optimization methods have been applied to transportation system. PSO is one of the recent Bio-inspired optimization methods that are used in solving many optimization problems. There are various methods of solving optimization problem in transportation system which includes the canonical methods, the bio-inspired methods, and other methods. PSO algorithm is applied in various areas including the optimization of a transportation network. Detailed analysis of the basic PSO algorithm is presented. PSO is used in this work to solve transportation problem (i.e. to optimize the distance) by finding the shortest path in a given transportation network. This PSO algorithm is applied in transportation network with many connections and the shortest distance was found. The procedure includes changing the velocity as well as position by generating a new objective function which is achieved by computing the shortest distance between two points using the Cartesian distance formula. The shortest distance was found considering all the possible routes within the network.

https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/

Because most recent treatments of the protists (‘lower’ eukaryotes comprising the kingdom PROTISTA Haeckel, 1866) have been preoccupied with either a ‘phylogenetic-tree’ approach or a discussion of the impact of possible endosymbiotic origins of major intracellular organelles, the overall systematics of the group, from taxonomic and nomenclatural points of view, has been almost totally neglected. As a result, confusion over contained phyla, their places in a classification scheme, and even their names (and authorships) is growing; the situation could become chaotic. The principal objective of the present paper is to recognize the taxonomic interrelationships among all protist groups; and it includes the specific proposal that some 45 phyla, defined and characterized, be assigned to 18 supraphyletic assemblages within the kingdom PROTISTA (itself redefined and contrasted with the other eukaryotic kingdoms recognized here: ANIMALIA, PLANTAE and FUNGI). Vernacular terms are employed for identification of the 18 assemblages, but defensible formal names are proposed at the level of phylum. None is presented as new: authorship-and-date credits are given to preceding workers on the taxonomy of the many groups involved. By presenting taxonomic characterizations as well as relevant nomenclatural data for each taxon described, a comprehensive scheme of overall higher-level classification within the kingdom emerges that may be considered to serve as a solid base or ‘taking-off point’ for future discussions.The 18 supraphyletic groups and their phyla (in parentheses and including authorships and dates of their formal names) are as follows: I. The rhizopods (phyla Karyoblastea Margulis, 1974; Amoebozoa Lühe, 1913; Acrasia Van Tieghem, 1880; Eumycetozoa Zopf, 1885; Plasmodiophorea Zopf, 1885; Granuloreticulosa De Saedeleer, 1934; incertae sedisXenophyophora Schulze, 1904). II. The mastigomycetes (Hypochytridiomycota Sparrow, 1959; Oomycota Winter, 1897; incert. sed.Chytridiomycota Sparrow, 1959). III. The chlorobionts (Chlorophyta Pascher, 1914; Prasinophyta Christensen, 1962; Conjugatophyta Engler, 1892; Charophyta Rabenhorst, 1863; incert. sed.Glaucophyta Bohlin, 1901). IV. The euglenozoa (Euglenophyta Pascher, 1931; Kinetoplastidea Honigberg, 1963; incert. sed.Pseudociliata Corliss & Lipscomb, 1982). V. The rhodophytes (Rhodophyta Rabenhorst, 1863). VI. The cryptomonads (Cryptophyta Pascher, 1914). VII. The choanoflagellates (Choanoflagellata Kent, 1880). VIII. The chromobionts (Chrysophyta Pascher, 1914; Haptophyta Christensen, 1962; Bacillariophyta Engler & Gild, 1924; Xanthophyta Allorge in Fritsch, 1935; Eustigmatophyta Hibberd & Leedale, 1970; Phaeophyta Kjellman, 1891; incert. sed.Proteromonadea Grassé in Grassé, 1952). IX. The labyrinthomorphs (Labyrinthulea Cienkowski, 1867; Thraustochytriacea Sparrow, 1943 [possibly infraphyletic rank?]). X The polymastigotes (Metamonadea Grassé in Grassé, 1952; Parabasalia Honigberg, 1973). XI. The paraflagellates (Opalinata Wenyon, 1926). XII. The actinopods (Heliozoa Haeckel, 1866; Taxopoda Fol, 1883; Acantharia Haeckel, 1879; Polycystina Ehrenberg, 1839; Phaeodaria Haeckel, 1879). XIII. The dinoflagellates (Peridinea Ehrenberg, 1830; Syndinea Chatton, 1920). XIV. The ciliates (Ciliophora Doflein, 1901). XV. The sporozoa (Sporozoa Leuckart, 1879). XVI. The microsporidia (Microsporidia Balbiani, 1882). XVII. The haplosporidia (Haplosporidia Caullery & Mesnil, 1899). XVIII. The myxosporidia (Myxosporidia Bütschli, 1881; incert. sed.Actinomyxidea Štolc, 1899 [perhaps not separate phylum?]).

In human-made malleable materials, microdamage such as cracking usually limits material lifetime. Some biological composites, such as bone, have hierarchical microstructures that tolerate cracks but cannot withstand high elongation. We demonstrate a directionally solidified eutectic high-entropy alloy (EHEA) that successfully reconciles crack tolerance and high elongation. The solidified alloy has a hierarchically organized herringbone structure that enables bionic-inspired hierarchical crack buffering. This effect guides stable, persistent crystallographic nucleation and growth of multiple microcracks in abundant poor-deformability microstructures. Hierarchical buffering by adjacent dynamic strainhardened features helps the cracks to avoid catastrophic growth and percolation. Our self-buffering herringbone material yields an ultrahigh uniform tensile elongation (~50%), three times that of conventional nonbuffering EHEAs, without sacrificing strength.

Microtubules, actin, and collagen are macromolecular structures that compose a large percentage of the proteins in the human body, helping form and maintain both intracellular and extracellular structure. They are biological wires and are structurally connected through various other proteins. Microtubules (MTs) have been theorized to be involved in classical and quantum information processing, and evidence continues to suggest possible semiconduction through MTs. The previous Dendritic Cytoskeleton Information Processing Model has hypothesized how MTs and actin form a communication network in neurons. Here, we review information transfer possibilities involving MTs, actin, and collagen, and the evidence of an organism-wide high-speed communication network that may regulate morphogenesis and cellular proliferation. The direct and indirect evidence in support of this hypothesis, and implications for chronic diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases are discussed.

This thesis presents advances in the state-of-the-art in legged locomotion through the de- velopment of bounding and galloping gaits as well as new modes of hybrid wheeled-leg modes of locomotion. Two four-legged running robots, Scout II and PAW, are examined, the latter of which is distinguished by actuated wheels at the ends of its legs.
First, hybrid modes of locomotion are demonstrated which use legs to dynamically reposition wheels at specific locations with respect to the body. These modes improve the stability and tire-wear of turning and braking manoeuvres and allow pitch-controlled slope ascent and descent in a wheeled-leg vehicle such as the PAW robot.
Second, through hip actuation, passive leg compliance and controlled wheel action it is possible to make the same vehicle run using a dynamically stable legged gait called the bound. Experimental evidence of this is presented and compared to similar experiments on the same robot with mechanically blocked wheels, a 3D simulation of the same, as well as bounding on a completely different quadrupedal robot, Scout II. While a casual observer finds no difference in blocked-wheel and active wheel control modes, detailed examination of the gaits reveals lower speeds and efficiency as well as decreased repeatability when the wheels are actively controlled.
A new method of forward speed control is presented for the bounding gait using liftoff, as opposed to touchdown, leg angles. The liftoff angle method of speed control is shown to be particularly suited to fine-tuning of certain gait performance indices.
Third, the underactuated bounding gait is extended to demonstrate, for the first time, that robotic galloping is possible and that it can be achieved in two underactuated quad- rupedal robots and with varying levels of decoupled control. In the Scout II robot the front leg pair and rear leg pairs function independently, while in the PAW robot galloping is achieved with no controlled coupling between any of the four legs. The rotary gallop gait demonstrated by both robots is characterized by a significant yaw component and is compared to another bound-derived turning gait which uses liftoff angles to produce yaw. In particular, the correspondence of lead leg to yaw direction in both cases is found to match results from biology. In contrast, while it is thought that animals pivot about their lead leg to turn, the rotary gallop demonstrated by these robots shows that yaw occurs primarily in the leg behind the lead leg.

Objective: Within the field of biorobotics, an emerging branch is plant-inspired robotics. Some effort exists in particular towards the production of digging robots that mimic roots; for these, a deeper comprehension of the role of root tip geometry in excavation would be highly desirable. Here we demonstrate a photogrammetry-based pipeline for the production of computer and manufactured replicas of moth orchid root apexes. Results: Our methods yields faithful root reproductions. This can be used either for quantitative studies aimed at comparing different root morphologies, or directly to implement a particular root shape in a biorobot.

Living Machines is an international conference series concerned with the development of future real-world technologies that harness the principles underlying living systems and the flow of communication signals between living and artificial systems.  The conference highlights the most exciting contemporary research in biomimetics—the development of novel technologies through the distillation of principles from the study of biological systems, and biohybrids—formed by combining a biological component—an existing living system—with an artificial, newly-engineered component.  The concept of “Living Machine” captures the insight that useful artificial entities can be designed by copying life, and, at the same time, that we can understand biological organisms, including ourselves, as living machines “designed” by nature.

Some of the most interesting new developments in biomimetic and biohybrid technologies, grouped under five themes, together with some striking examples of contemporary biomimetic or biohybrid art, were selected for presentation at the Living Machines Exhibition, a one-day event at the Science Museum in London. Highlights of the 2013 Living Machines exhibition included:
• A musical performance featuring the iCub humanoid robot
• Mammal-like robots with whiskered touch systems
• A robot model of fossilised animal behaviour from the dawn of life
• Biomimetic medical devices including a wasp-like needle for minimally-invasive surgery
• A robot that powers itself by digesting human waste
• Micro-flying robots, worm, octopus, fish and mammal-like robots
• Biohybrid clothing made with living cells and robots controlled by slime mould
• Live visual art generated by the Artificial Intelligence AARON, created by Harold Cohen
• A string quartet performing music generated by the Artificial Intelligence EMI, created by David Cope.

The Living Machines conference series and the Living Machines exhibition are co-ordinated by the Convergent Science Network of Biomimetics and Neurotechnology (csnetwork.eu) which is supported by the EU Future Emerging Technologies (FET) Programme.  Both events are organised by the leading biomimetic scientists Professor Tony Prescott of the University of Sheffield and Professor Paul Verschure of the University of Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona. Contact us at [email protected] or [email protected], or see our web-pages at http://csnetwork.eu

Underwater vehicles do not localise or navigate with respect to the flow, an ability needed for many underwater tasks. In this paper we implement rheotaxis behaviour in a fish robot, a behaviour common to many aquatic species. We use two pressure sensors on the head of the robot to identify the pressure differences on the left and right side and control the heading of the fish robot by turning a servo-motor actuated tail. The controller is inspired by the Braitenberg vehicle 2b, a simple biological model of tropotaxis, that has been used in many robotic applications. The experiments, conducted in a flow pipe with a uniform flow, show that the robot is able to orient itself, and keep the orientation, to the incoming current. Our results demonstrate that guidance of a fish robot relative to a flow can be implemented as a simple rheotaxis behaviour using two sensors and a Braitenberg 2b controller.

The paper describes a novel algorithm, inspired by the phenomenon of wisdom of crowds, for solving instances of NP-hard problems. The proposed approach achieves superior performance compared to the genetic algorithm-based approach and requires modest computational resources. On average, a 6%-9% improvement in quality of solutions has been observed.