Immune strengthener plants in Azerbaijan flora

Journal of Life Sciences & Biomedicine, vol. 2(75), No 2, p. 77-82 (2020) Immune strengthener plants in Azerbaijan flora S.J. Ibadullayeva1*, N.A. Agayeva2 1 Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, 40 Badamdar Highway, Baku AZ1004, Azerbaijan 2 Department Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Azerbaijan Medical University, 23 Bakikhanov Str., Baku AZ1022, Azerbaijan *For correspondence: [email protected] Received 04 October 2020; Received in revised form 30 October 2020; Accepted 30 October 2020 The main goal of the work was to study immunomodulating and strengthening plants in the flora of Azerbaijan. The frequency of use (Ui) and the value of plant species relative to each other due to their immunomodulatory properties have been evaluated by new methods. The total amount of data submitted by the person providing for each specific species is marked as Ni. The result of the ratio of immunomodulators have been shown in the diagram: the highest IQ (assessment of use) was found for Allium sp. and Thymus sp. (0.90-0.88), the next places are occupied by Rosa sp. (0.83), Salvia limbata (0.81), Altheae officinalis (0.80), Glycyrrhiza glabra (0.78), Mathricaria sp. (0.77), Humulus lupulus (0.74), Mentha sp. (0.60), Sitrus ssp. (0.27), Capsella burssa pastoris (0.21), Rumex sp. (0.18), Sambucus nigra and Helichrysum plicatum (each by 0.15), Daucus carota, Urtica dioica and Asparagus officinalis (each by 0.10, the lowest IQ). Keywords: Ethnobotany, anti-viral plants, immune-reducing agents INTODUCTION The benefits of plants for physical and mental health have long been known to mankind. Influenza viruses and other similar viruses have been plaguing to mankind for centuries (bu ümumi bəşəriyyətə məlum olan cümlədi bir yerdən götürmədim). Those who have a weak immune system suffer more, and those who are strong survive. Herbs have been used as a natural remedy for various diseases, including infections for centuries. Herbal treatment is more important than chemical drugs in the fight against diseases in modern alternative medicine (Munir et al., 2018). Immunological protection is conventionally classified into 2 categories: congenital and acquired (Beck et al., 1996). Congenital or non-specific (natural, non-adaptive) immune system is the initial stage of the body's protection against biological aggression. Components of the innate immune system are readily available in humans and animals at moments of birth, and their fight against the antigen occurs quickly, without the need for any 76 preparation. An adaptive or acquired immune system (specific) is the next stage of defense. The acquired immune system is formed by lymphocytes during the individual development of the body's ontogeny (Parkin et al., 2001). These systems differs from the innate immune system by high specificity and memory. Specific immunological response is created against each antigen that enters the body in this case. The encounter with the antigen is stored in the memory of the immune system, and stronger defense is formed against under second encounter with the antigen. Cells are able to distinguish a group of foreign molecules in the innate immune system in contrast, not every antigen molecule. Immune preparations are aimed at producing of high levels interferon based on human blood analyses. The interferon protein both prevents the multiplication of viruses and acts as an immunostimulant (De Andrea et all., 2002). So clearly shows the consequences of improper use of immune drugs and stimulants. On the other hand, no matter how mild the natural remedies, keep in http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/proc.83 Available online 25 December 2020 Immune strengthener plants in Azerbaijan flora mind that these are also medicines. There is a greater need for immune treatment (both herbal and chemical) in the autumn and winter months. Onion (Allium sp.) and thyme (Thymus sp.) are the most widely used antiviral plants among local communities (Ibadullayeva et al., 2015), these plants are collected and used by local communities as antiviral agents. We self must to help our immune systems by stimulants, for example. The most popular herbal immunomodulators are ginseng, eleutherococcus, echinacea, aloe, kalanchoe, tarragon and baby mushrooms. However, plants distributed in the flora of Azerbaijan have also been introduced into production as immuno-modulators (Kakhramanova et al., 2017) The main goal of research is not only to study ethnopharmacological activity, but also to determine the biologically active plants for their further use (Martin, 1995). The relative importance of plant species was evaluated by calculating its use value as described by Phillips and Gentry (1993). Use value was calculated according to the the formula UVi=ΣUi/Ni, where number of use report(s) cited by each informer for specific plant species i is represented by Ui and total number of informs interviewed for specific plant species i is represented by Ni (table 1). Data was collected through rapid appraisal approach (RAA) by direct interact with local people and observations during the visits. Group meetings were conducted with people having adequate knowledge about indigenous plants and individual meeting were arranged with herbalists to countercheck the data. During the course of study 600 informants including 110 herbalists were interviewed from the district of Azerbaijan. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION MATERIAL AND METHODS Collection and identification of plants. Medicinal plants were collected from the study area with the help of herbalists and deposited to the Herbarium at the Institute of Botany (BAK). These plants were pressed and poisoned with 1% HgCl2 solution, mounted at herbarium sheet and identified (Ibadullayeva, 2020; Askerov, 2016; Flora of Azerbaijan, 1950-1961). Ethnomedicinal study was conducted in the period of March-June (2010-2020) and August–December (2010-2019). A preliminary visit of district administration that has authority to register the local herbalists to get the information about the local herbalistsas key informants was conducted. The rural community dependent upon the traditional use of indigenous plants for a number of diseases due to low income and far-flung health facilities. Data analysis. Data collected through various field surveys was analyzed through statistical software SPSS version 9.00 (Nadeem et al., 2015). Multiresponse of families was calculated with plants habits, preparations and applications. The data was also represented using the percentages and proportions. Each plant species reported by indigenous informant was counted by or frequency of citation (FC). The following conclusions are drawn from the data collected on plant use. Allium cepa was the predominant plant which exhibited highest used value (0.90). It attributed the important recognition with local healers and efficient healing power against different ailments. Followed by A.cepa, Thymus sp. (0.88) exhibited higher UV while Rosa sp. reflected 0.83 UV followed by Allium sativum (0.82), Salvia sp. (0.81), Althea officinalis (0.80), Glycyrrhiza glabra (0,78), Mathricaria sp. (0.77), Mentha sp. (0.60), Humulus lupulus (0.74), Daucus carota, Urtica dioica and Asparagus officinalis (0.10) showed lowest UV and upshiftin UV was observed as Sambucus nigra (0.15), Helichrysum plicatum (0.15), Rumex sp. (0.18), Capsella burssa pastoris (0.21) and Citrus sp. (0.27). It is observed that the plant with high uses value were found frequently in the study area and the plant with low used value were some what fewer in availability in the study area. The diagram below shows the types identified (Fig. 1). Some plants are widely used in the treatment of other diseases, including antivirals as have shown studies. Using antipyretic, anti-inflam-matory, antiseptic, antitussive, antispasmodic and general strengthening herbs are necessary in diseases of the respiratory system. 77 Ibadullayeva and Agayeva Table 1. Data about number of diseases and plants used for their prevention represented by interviewed people Local and Latin names of plant genera Number Local and Latin names Number Local and Latin names Number of disof disof disof plant genera of plant genera eases eases eases Sarımsaq – Allium sativum 48 Əvəlik – Rumex confertus 12 Kəndəlaş – Sambucus nigra 7 İtburnu – Rosa canina 21 Havuc – Pastinaca umbrosa 11 Qarğıdalı – Zea mays 7 Kəklikotu – Thymus ko45 Mərəcöyüd – Asparagus offic9 Solmazçiçək – Helichrysum plica7 tschyanus inalis tum Adaçayı – Salvia limbata 19 Zeytun – Olea europaea 10 Atılbatıl – Zosima orientalis 6 Gulxətmi – Althea officinalis 18 Uşqun – Rhehum ribes 9 İydə – Elaeagnus angustifolia 6 Cobanyastığı – Mathricaria 16 Ardıç – Juniperus communis 9 Qudrət narı – Momordica charantia 5 chamomilla Nanə - Mentha piperita 15 Mayaotu – Humulus lupulus 10 Zirə – Carum carvi 6 Amarant – Amarantus viridis 14 Dəfnə - Laurus nobilis 9 Biyan – Glycyrrhiza glabra 6 Baldırqan – Heracleum tra9 Əməköməci – Malva syl9 Quşəppəyi – Capsella bursa-pas7 toris chyloma vestris Heyva – Cydonia oblonga 8 Gicitkan – Urtica dioica 13 Alca – Prunus divaricata 5 Soğan – Allium sepa 8 Çörəkotu – Nigella sativa 13 Yemişan – Crataegus pentagyna 6 Ceviz – Juglans nigra 7 Yer kökü – Daucus carota 13 Səhləb – Dactylorhiza maculata 4 Dağtərxunu - Tanacetum vul8 Ökuzboğan – Bupleurum fal6 Qantəpər – Cephalaria giganteae 2 gare catum Üzərlik – Peganium harmala 5 İspanaq – Spinacia okeraceae 1 Böyürtkən – Rubus caesius 4 Atşabalıdı – Aesculus glabra 3 Ərik – Prunus armeniaca 3 Lavanda – Lavandula dentata 6 Daziotu – Hypericum perfora9 Şüyüd – Anethum graveolens 13 CaytikanI – Hippophae rhamnoides 3 tum Çaşır – Prongos acaulis 3 Zirinc – Berberis vulgaris 4 Ayrıqotu – Agropyron crstatum 3 Əncir – Ficus carica 3 Badam – Prunus dulcis 3 Limon – Citrus linon 5 Bibər – Capsicum annuum 3 Qovaq – Populus gracilis 3 Küstüşam – Bronya alba 3 Cəfəri-Petroselenum crispum 3 Quşüzümü – Solanum nigra 3 Nar – Punica granatum 4 Kartof – Solanum tuberosum 3 Sumaq – Rhus lancea 3 At pıtrağı – Arctium lappa 2 Arpa – Hordeum vulgare 2 Çovdar – Secale cereale 2 Toppuztikan – Echinops latifolius 2 Buğda – Triticum aestivum 2 Çiriş out – Eremurus specio3 Innab – Ziziphus jujuba 2 sus Cökə - Tilia cordata 2 Qara turp – Raphanus sativus 2 Qalxansız – Athyrium filix-femina 2 Qatırquyruğu – Equsetum arv2 Dəvətikanı – Alhagi 1 Sığırquyruğu – Verbascum denisi6 ense florum pseudalhagi Razyana – Foenicuum vulgare 2 Keçi buynuzu – Ceratonia si2 Qaracöhrə – Taxus baccata 2 liqua Xiyar – Cucumis sativus 2 Qaytarma - Potentilla erecta 2 Xoruzgülü – Primula officinalis 2 Şahtərə – Fumaria officinalis 2 Xashxash – Papaver hy1 Andız – Inula helena 8 bridum Cincilim – Stellaria media 1 Dovşankələmi – Crassula 1 Dəliçətənə - Datisca glabra 1 Bədrənc – Melisa officinalis 1 Qovaq – Populus 1 Dağdağan – Celtiscaucasica 1 Gulabətin – Pulsatilla 1 Armud – Pyrus 1 Qarayonca – Medicago officinalis 1 Qumluca – Arenaria serpylli1 Ayıdöşəyi – Dryopteris filix 2 1 Gəvən – Astragalus dasyanthus folia mass Tərə – Chenopodium album 1 Murdarca – Rhamnus pallasii 1 Pomidor – Tomate sativa 1 Quşarmudu – Sorbus latifolia 1 Dagkişnişi – Bifora radians 1 Alma – Malus coronaria 1 Əzgil – Mespilus germanica 2 Üçrəng bənovşə – Viola tri1 Subibəri – Persicaria hidropiper 1 color Yabanı kök – Daucus carota 1 Xardal – Sinapis alba 1 Bistort-Bistorta major 1 Yalançı cirə – Pimpinella 1 Qərənfil – Dianthus orientalis 1 Gilas – Prunus avium 1 Kişniş – Coriandrum 1 Pişikotu – Valerianus offici1 Yulqun – Tamarix ramosissima 1 nalis Tut – Morus nigrum 1 Yolotu – Polygonum avicu1 Söyud – Salix nigra 1 lare Küncüt – Sesamum indicum 1 Quzu qulağı – Oxalis 1 Portağal – Citrus sinensis 1 asetosella 78 Immune strengthener plants in Azerbaijan flora 0,1 Daucus carota, Urtica dioica and Asparagus officinalis 0,27 0,18 0,18 0,21 0,15 Citrus sp. Rumex alpinus Rumex confertus Capsella burssa pastoris Helichrysum plicatum 0,74 0,69 0,69 0,77 0,77 0,83 0,83 0,88 0,8 0,78 0,81 0,82 0,88 Humulus lupulus Mentha piperita Mentha longifolia Chamomilla recutita Mathricaria chamomilla Rosa nisami Rosa canina Thymus hymalis Glycyrrhiza glabra Altheae officinalis Salvia limbata Allium sativum Allium cepa 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 Fig. 1. Usevalue of frequently used plants. In view of all this, the immunosuppressive properties of some plant mixes have been determined. For the first time, a phyto-collection has been prepared to be produced in the pharmaceutical industry. Plants collected according data of field surveys and observations conducted by botanists, lojmans, biology teachers, pharmacists and other local communities, generally local experts in remote areas of Azerbaijan for many years. The data presented below are the results of research conducted in all surveyed districts (more than 50) for 2010-2020 years. The immuno-modulatory phyto-collection was tested in an outpatient setting: blood samples were taken from a 10-yearold sick child and a 42-year-old sick man with weak immune systems, and the phyto-herbal syrup prepared 3 times a day for 3 weeks was given to a sick child and phyto-tea to a sick man for 3 weeks. The analysis of blood taken from patients after treatment was in full compliance with the norm. Increased protective capacity of the body. Unique effect on the rapid recovery of complex colds, flu, bronchitis, angina, pneumonia, bronchial asthma and infections have revealed. Following plant phytonutrients as a medicine is recommended as a restorative and protective of the immune system, especially for those who live in unfavorable climatic and environmental conditions. The phyto-collection contains the surface part of Echinacea purpureae, Hypericum perfaratum herb, Glycyrrhiza glabra roots, Rosa canina fruits, Salvia limbata grass, Rosmarinus officinalis grass and Rubus idaeus fruits in 1:1 ratio. REFERENCES Кахраманова М., Кахраманов Д., Кахраманова З., Ибадуллаева С.Д. (2017) Иммуностимулирующий фитоспор с общеукрепляющим действием Евразийское патентное ведомство. 026106 B1. Москва: 04/04/ 2017, стр. 1-4. Флора Азербайджана (1950-1961) Баку: т. 1-8. Beck G., Habitat G.S. (1996) Immunity and the 79 Ibadullayeva and Agayeva Invertebrates. Scientific American, 275(5): 60– 66. Bibcode:1996SciAm.275e.60B De Andrea M., Ravera R., Gioia D., Gariglio M., Landolfo S. (2002) The interferon system: an overview. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 6, Suppl A (6): A41–6, discussion A55–58. Ibadullayeva S., Shahmuradova M. (2015) Ethnobotanical researches in Azerbaijan (Goygol region), Baku: Elm-Ttehsil, 222p. Ibadullayeva S.J. (2020) Ethnobotany of local used of medicinal plants in Azerbaijan Republic. Journal of Medicine and Biology (Berlin), 2(2): 72-84. Martin G.J. (1995) Ethnobotany: A Methods Manual. Chapman and Hall, London. Nadeem A., Adeel M., Aqeel M., Zahra S., Muhammad F. (2015). Ethnopharmacological importance of medicinal flora from the district of Vehari, Punjab province, Pakistan. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 168: 66-78. Munir O., Volkan A., Ernaz A., İbadullayeva S.J., Behnaz A., Tuba M.G. (2018) Herbals in Iğdır (Turkey), Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), and Tabriz (Iran). Springer: Herbs and Human Health, Ethnobotany and Physiology, Vol. 1: 197-267 Parkin J., Cohen B. (2001). An overview of the immune system. Lancet, 357 (9270): 1777–1789. Phillips O., Gentry A.H. (1993) The useful plants of Tambopata Peru: I. Statistical hypotheses tests with a new quantitative technique. Economic Botany, 47: 15–32. Azərbaycan florasının immunmöhkəmləndirici bitkiləri S.C. İbadullayeva1, N.A. Ağayeva2 AMEA-nın Botanika İnstitutu, Bakı, Azərbaycan Azərbaycan Tibb universsitetinin Tibbi mikrobiologiya və immunologiya şöbəsi, Bakı, Azərbaycan 1 2 İşin əsas məqsədi Azərbaycan florasında olan immunbərpaedici və möhkəmləndirici bitkilərin öyrənilməsi olmuşdur. Bitki növlərinin bir-birinə nisbətən immunbərpaedici xüsusiyyətinə görə istifadə tezliyi (Ui) və əhəmiyyəti, yeni metodlarla qiymətləndirilmişdir. Hər bir məlumat verənin konkret göstərilən bitki növləri üçün istifadəsi haqqında məlumatların ümumi sayı Ni ilə təmsil olunurmuşdur. Nəticədə immunbərpaedicilərin nisbəti diaqramda göstərilmişdir: Allium sp. və Thymus sp. (0,90-0,88) daha yüksək İQ (istifadə qiymətləndirilməsi) nümayiş etdirmişdir. Rosa sp. (0,83), Salvia limbata (0,81), Altheae officinalis (0,80), Glycyrrhiza glabra (0,78), Mathricaria sp. (0,77), Humulus lupulus (0,74), Mentha sp. (0,60), Sitrus ssp. (0,27), Capsella burssa pastoris (0,21), Rumex sp. (0,18), Sambucus nigra və Helichrysum plicatum (hər biri 0,15), Daucus carota, Urtica dioica və Asparagus officinalis (hər biri 0,10, ən aşağı İQ) olmaqla sonrakı yerləri tutmuşdur. Açar sözlər: Etnobotanika, antiviral bitkilər, immunbanika, immunbərpaedicilər 80 Immune strengthener plants in Azerbaijan flora Иммуноукрепляющие растения флоры Азербайджана С.Дж. Ибадуллаева1, Н.А. Агаева2 Институт ботаники НАН Азербайджана, Баку, Азербайджан Кафедра медицинской микробиологии и иммунологии Азербайджанского медицинского университета, Баку, Азербайджан 1 2 Основной целью работы явилось изучение иммуномодулирующих и укрепляющих растений флоры Азербайджана. Частота использования (Ui) и ценность видов растений по их иммуномодулирующим свойствам были оценены новыми методами. Общее количество представленных отдельными лицами данных об использовании каждого конкретного вида обозначено как Ni. Результат соотношения иммуномодуляторов, показан на диаграмме: наиболее высокая IQ (оценка использования) отмечена для Allium sp. и Thymus sp. (0,90-0,88), следующие места занимают Rosa sp. (0,83), Salvia limbata (0,81), Altheae officinalis (0,80), Glycyrrhiza glabra (0,78), Mathricaria sp. (0,77), Humulus lupulus (0,74), Mentha sp. (0,60), Sitrus ssp. (0,27), Capsella burssa pastoris (0,21), Rumex sp. (0,18), Sambucus nigra и Helichrysum plicatum (каждый по 0,15), Daucus carota, Urtica dioica и Asparagus officinalis (каждый по 0,10 - самый низкий показатель IQ). Ключевые слова: Этноботаника, антивиральные растения, иммуновосстановители 81