Greeks and Barbarians.

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information Greeks and Barbarians This book is an ambitious synthesis of the social, economic, political and cultural interactions between Greeks and non-Greeks in the Mediterranean world during the archaic, classical and Hellenistic periods. Instead of traditional and static distinctions between Greeks and Others, Kostas Vlassopoulos explores the diversity of interactions between Greeks and non-Greeks in four parallel but interconnected worlds: the world of networks; the world of apoikiai (‘colonies’); the Panhellenic world; and the world of empires. These diverse interactions set in motion processes of globalisation; but the emergence of a shared material and cultural koine across the Mediterranean was accompanied by the diverse ways in which Greek and non-Greek cultures adopted and adapted elements of this global koine. The book explores the paradoxical role of Greek culture in the processes of ancient globalisation, as well as the peculiar way in which Greek culture was shaped by its interaction with non-Greek cultures. kostas vlassopoulos is Associate Professor in Greek History at the University of Nottingham. His earlier publications include Unthinking the Greek Polis (Cambridge, 2007) and Politics: Antiquity and its Legacy (2010); he is currently co-editing the Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Slaveries (forthcoming). He is a member of the Institute for the Study of Slavery, the Legacy of Greek Political Thought Network and the Centre for Spartan and Peloponnesian Studies. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information Greeks and Barbarians kostas vlassopoulos © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521764681 © Kostas Vlassopoulos 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2013 Printed in the United Kingdom by BelliandiBainiLtd A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Vlassopoulos, Kostas, 1977– Greeks and barbarians / Kostas Vlassopoulos. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-76468-1 (Hardback) – ISBN 978-0-521-14802-3 (Paperback) 1. Greece – Civilization – To 146 B.C. 2. Mediterranean Region – Civilization – Greek influences. 3. Mediterranean Region – History – To 476. 4. Hellenism – History. 5. Greece – Relations – Mediterranean Region. 6. Mediterranean Region – Relations – Greece. I. Title. DF78.V63 2013 938–dc23 2012044105 ISBN 978-0-521-76468-1 Hardback ISBN 978-0-521-14802-3 Paperback Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/9780521764681 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information To the memory of Anna Missiou (1943–2011) © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information Contents List of maps and figures [page ix] Acknowledgements [xiii] Note to the reader [xv] List of abbreviations [xviii] 1 Introduction [1] 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Historiographies [1] A test case: Thales the Milesian [4] Hellenicity and Hellenisation [7] Four parallel worlds [11] Globalisation and glocalisation: two paradoxes The structure of the book [32] [19] 2 The Panhellenic world and the world of empires [34] 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 The Panhellenic world [34] The world of empires [41] The Persian Wars (490–479) [53] The effects of the Persian Wars (479–431) [60] From the Peloponnesian War to Alexander (431–334) [65] Macedonia and Alexander’s conquests (334–323) [73] 3 The world of networks and the world of apoikiai 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 [78] A historical overview [78] Mobility of people, goods, ideas and technologies [85] The cosmopolitan interactions of the emporia [94] Frontier societies [102] A case study: Thrace [119] 4 Intercultural communication [129] 4.1 Practices of interlinking [131] 4.2 Media and contents of communication 4.3 Patterns of communication [154] [145] 5 The Barbarian repertoire in Greek culture [161] 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 The peculiar nature of Greek culture [164] Ethnographies, mythologies, genealogies [170] Transformations: textualisation and representation Identities and moralities [190] [179] vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information viii Contents 5.5 Models and utopias [200] 5.6 Alien wisdom [206] 5.7 Canons and exceptions [215] 6 Globalisation and glocalisation [226] 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Illustrating globalisation [226] Patterns of glocalisation [235] Currents of globalisation [241] Imperial globalisation [243] Greek-style glocalisation in the Persian Empire Explaining the ‘Greek miracle’ [274] 7 The Hellenistic world 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 [255] [278] The new world of Hellenistic empires [282] Globalisation, glocalisation, Hellenisation [290] Alternative globalisations [302] Globalisation without Hellenisation [309] 8 Conclusions [321] Bibliography [332] Index locorum [376] Index [383] © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information Maps and figures Maps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The Aegean [page 35] The Persian Empire [42] The Mediterranean world [80] Italy and Sicily [106] The Black Sea [114] Thrace [119] Asia Minor [255] The Hellenistic world [283] Figures 1 Silver stater of Issos, fourth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1985.114.3. [page 22] 2 Acroteria from the Forum Boarium at Rome, sixth century bce: Rome, Musei Capitolini; photo by Rebecca Usherwood. [26] 3 Heroon of Pericles at Limyra, fourth century bce: model reconstruction, Archäologische Sammlung of the Institute of Classical Archaeology of Vienna University; photo by ÖAI Archiv. [30] 4 Sarcophagus of Wahibre-em-achet, sixth century bce: Leiden, Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Inv. No. AM 4. [45] 5 Attic red-figure oinochoe, manner of the Triptolemos Painter, c. 460 bce: Hamburg, Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Inv. No. 1981.173. [64] 6 Stele of Zeus of Labraunda from Tegea, fourth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1914.7–14.1. [71] 7 Silver drachma of Istria, fourth century bce: Athens, Alpha Bank Numismatic Collection, Inv. No. 6975. [88] 8 Funerary monument of Niceratus and Polyxenus of Istria, Attica, fourth century bce: Piraeus, Archaeological Museum; photo by the author. [93] 9 Pediment of Temple A, Pyrgi, mid-fifth century bce: Rome, Museo Nazionale Etrusco di Villa Giulia; photo by the author. [96] ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information x List of maps and figures 10 (a) Faience aryballus with cartouche of pharaoh Apries from Camirus, Rhodes, sixth century bce: Paris, Louvre, Inv. No. NIII 2402; image from G. Perrot and C. Chipiez, Histoire de l’art dans l’antiquité, vol. III: Phénicie–Chypre, Paris, 1885, plate 4. (b) Faience vase in the shape of warrior head, sixth century bce: Paris, Louvre, Inv. No. MNB 1143; image from Cambridge Ancient History Plates, vol. I, Cambridge, 1927, 298. [99] 11 Temple of Segesta, fifth century bce: photo by Spyros Rangos. [108] 12 Fresco, Andriuolo tomb 86, Poseidonia, fourth century bce: Paestum, Museo Archeologico Nazionale; photo by the author. [112] 13 Golden ring of Scyles, Istria, c. 450 bce: Bucharest, Archaeological Museum; drawing from L. Dubois, Inscriptions grecques dialectales d’Olbia du Pont, Geneva, 1996, 12. [115] 14 Golden comb, Solokha, fourth century bce: St Petersburg, Hermitage, Inv. No. ДН 1913 1/1; image from M. Rostovtzeff, Iranians and Greeks in South Russia, Oxford, 1922, plate XIX. [118] 15 Inscribed silver bowl from Alexandrovo, fourth century bce: Sofia, National Archaeological Museum, Inv. No. 2241. [124] 16 ‘Bilingual’ stele of Memphis, sixth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. EA 67235. [130] 17 Bilingual Greek dedication to Theban Zeus: drawing from C. Smith, ‘An early Graeco-Egyptian bilingual dedication’, CR 5, 1891, 78. [159] 18 Athenian red-figure cylix by the Brygos Painter, c. 480 bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. GR 1873.0820.376. [179] 19 Athenian red-figure pelike by the Pan Painter, c. 470 bce: Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Inv. No. 9683; image from J. D. Beazley, Der Pan-Maler, Berlin, 1931, table 7. [187] 20 Athenian red-figure hydria, fourth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1866.0415.244. [190] 21 Athenian red-figure amphora by Myson, c. 500–490 bce: Paris, Louvre, Inv. No. G 197; image from E. Pottier, Vases antiques du Louvre II, Paris, 1922, plate 128. [197] 22 Red-figure lecythos by Xenophantus, Panticapaion, fourth century bce: St Petersburg, Hermitage, Inv. No. P 1837.2. [198] 23 Athenian red-figure lecythos by the Peleus Painter, c. 430 bce: Antikensammlung of the Archäologisches Institut of the Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Inv. No. 132. [199] 24 Votive relief to Bendis, Athens, fourth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 2155. [213] © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information List of maps and figures xi 25 (a) Laconian cup by the Arcesilas Painter, c. 560 bce: Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, Cabinet des médailles, Inv. No. 189; image from Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum, Bibliothèque nationale, I, IIID, Paris, 1928, plate 20.2. (b) The ‘weighing of the conscience’ vignette from the papyrus of Ani, c. 1250 bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1888.0515.1.23; image from E. A. W. Budge, The Papyrus of Ani, I, New York and London, 1913, plate 3. [217] 26 Silver tetradrachm of the satrap Mazakes imitating an Athenian ‘owl’, fourth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1909.0105.12. [230] 27 (a) Egyptian statue, seventh century bce: Cairo Museum, Inv. No. 42236; image from G. Legrain, Catalogue général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire. Nos 42192–42250. Statues et statuettes de rois et de particuliers, III, Cairo, 1914, plate XLIV. (b) Kouros of Croesus, Attica, sixth century bce: Athens, National Archaeological Museum, Inv. No. 3851; photo by the author. [232] 28 Charioteer statue from Motya, mid-fifth century bce: Marsala, Museo Archeologico; photo by the author. [235] 29 Athenian black-figure stamnos by the Michigan Painter, c. 520–500 bce: Würzburg, Martin von Wagner-Museum der Universität, Inv. No. L 328; image from E. Langlotz, Griechische Vasen, Munich, 1932, plate 100, No. 328. [238] 30 (a) Etruscan red-figure cup, fifth century bce: Philadelphia, Rodin Museum, Inv. No. Tc. 980; image from N. Plaoutine, ‘An Etruscan imitation of an Attic cup’, JHS 57, 1937, 22–7, plate I. (b) Athenian red-figure cup by the Oedipus Painter, c. 500–450 bce: Rome, Vatican Museum, Inv. No. H 569; image from N. Plaoutine, ibid., plate II. [239] 31 Etruscan mirror from Atri, c. 500–475 bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 542. [240] 32 Phoenician bronze bowl from Amathous, eighth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 123053; drawing from G. Perrot and C. Chipiez, Histoire de l’art dans l’antiquité, vol. III: Phénicie–Chypre, Paris, 1885, 775, fig. 547. [242] 33 Funerary stele of Elnaf from Dascyleion, fifth century bce: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum, Inv. No. 5764; photo by the author. [250] 34 Relief with Persian magi from Dascyleion, fifth century bce: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum, Inv. No. 5391; photo by the author. [251] © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information xii List of maps and figures 35 Reconstruction of the Andron at Labraunda, fourth century bce: drawing from A. C. Gunter, Labraunda: Swedish Excavations and Researches, vol. II.5: Marble Sculpture, Stockholm, 1995, 25, fig. 6. [258] 36 Amazonomachy relief from the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, fourth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1847.0424.5. [260] 37 Silver kantharos vase with Lycian legends, fourth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1962.12,12.1. [261] 38 Silver stater of Pericles of Limyra, fourth century bce: Athens, Alpha Bank Numismatic Collection, Inv. No. 7575. [262] 39 (a) Nereid Monument of Xanthos, fourth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1848.1020; photo by the author. (b) Nereid Monument of Xanthos, fourth century bce: enthroned dynast, London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1848.1020.62. [265] 40 Silver stater of Nagidus, fourth century bce: Athens, Alpha Bank Numismatic Collection, Inv. No. 3965. [269] 41 Silver stater of Tarsus, fifth century bce: London, British Museum, Inv. No. 1982.0511.1. [270] 42 Marble ‘tribune’, Eshmun sanctuary, Sidon, fourth century bce: Beirut, Lebanon National Museum; photo by the author. [272] 43 Egyptian-style sarcophagus from Sidon, fifth century bce: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum; photo by the author. [273] 44 Satrap sarcophagus from Sidon, fourth century bce: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum, Inv. No. 367; photo by the author. [274] 45 Lycian sarcophagus from Sidon, fourth century bce: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum, Inv. No. 369; photo by the author. [275] 46 Alexander sarcophagus from Sidon, fourth century bce: Istanbul, Archaeological Museum, Inv. No. 370; photo by the author. [276] © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information Acknowledgements When Michael Sharp and Paul Cartledge invited me to contribute a volume on the relationship between Greece and the Near East back in 2008, my initial impression was to doubt whether I had developed the tools that might allow me to say anything interesting on such a vast subject. But it occurred to me that broadening the topic into a consideration of the relationship between Greeks and Barbarians could provide a better framework within which to examine the interaction between Greece and the Near East. I doubt that I would have undertaken this exploration without Michael’s and Paul’s invitation; I am grateful for their support of this project from inception to completion, and I hope that the result will fulfil some of their expectations. I owe a great debt to those colleagues who were kind enough to devote their time and energy into reading the full manuscript in its various forms: Erich Gruen, Johannes Haubold, Aleka Lianeri, John Ma, Robin Osborne and Christopher Tuplin. Their comments have saved me from numerous mistakes and have helped me to improve substantially the argument and its presentation. This should obviously not be taken to imply that they agree with much that is argued in this book, and responsibility for the views presented here lies solely with the author. Writing this book would have been impossible without the space and time provided by the institution of research leave. I am deeply grateful to the Department of Classics at the University of Nottingham for granting me a semester of research leave in spring 2011, and to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for an Early Career Research Fellowship between August 2011 and May 2012. For permissions to reproduce images from their collections and publications, I would like to express my gratitude to the Alpha Bank Numismatic Collection, Athens; the Antikensammlung of the Archäologisches Institut of the Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main; the British Museum, London; the Hermitage, St Petersburg; the Librairie Droz, Geneva; the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe, Hamburg; the Österreiches Archäologisches Institut, Vienna; the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden; the National Archaeological Museum, Sofia; and the Swedish Labraunda Expedition. xiii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information xiv Acknowledgements The list of thanks includes the audiences at Cambridge, Cardiff, Durham, Istanbul, Kent and Melbourne, who have listened to papers on various aspects related to this book project, and whose comments, reactions and disagreements have helped me immensely to clarify my thinking. I would finally like to express my gratitude to various friends and colleagues who have kindly helped me in this project in a number of ways, which are far too diverse to list: Zosia Archibald, Yorgos Avgoustis, Elton Barker, Euphrosyne Boutsikas, Anastasia Christophilopoulou, Denise Demetriou, Patrick Finglass, Michael Flower, Alexey Gotzev, Tom Harrison, Stephen Hodkinson, Michalis Iliakis, Kyriaki Konstantinidou, Koray Konuk, Sokratis Koursoumis, George Kyriakou, Doug Lee, Irad Malkin, Evi Margaritis, Judith Mossman, Ioanna Moutafi, Ian Moyer, Katerina Panagopoulou, Robert Parker, Spyros Rangos, Martin Seyer, Joe Skinner, Dorothy Thompson, Isabelle Torrance, Maro Triantafyllou, Dimitra Tsangari, Gotcha Tsetskhladze, Rebecca Usherwood and Luydmil Vagalinski. My thinking on the subjects covered in this book goes back to a seminar on the Persian Empire organised by Anna Missiou at the University of Crete in Rethimno, which I attended as a young graduate student back in 1999. Anna was a great teacher and always insisted that historians should constantly ask themselves ‘what is the historical question?’ before writing their works; I would like to hope that this has been a lesson I have learnt and applied. One of our tasks for that seminar consisted in writing reviews for a set number of books and articles, and I still remember how impressed I was after reading Momigliano’s Alien Wisdom as a set text. It was with a mixture of shock and pleasure that I discovered that the nucleus of my argument on the Barbarian repertoire in Greek culture was already contained in the review of Momigliano’s book I wrote for Anna’s seminar. The shock was due to the fact that I had completely forgotten for almost a decade the conclusions I had reached then and was under the impression that I had made an original discovery in the process of writing this book; it is a painful lesson for anyone interested in the history of historiography to see how difficult it is to reconstruct the development of one’s own thinking, let alone that of others. The pleasure resided in realising how much we owe to our teachers, and how rarely we recognise our debts. Anna died unexpectedly in May 2011, only a few months after her retirement. Her sudden death has deeply saddened all those who knew her, and it is to her memory that this book is dedicated. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information Note to the reader This book has tried to combine three different aims, which are not easily compatible. The first aim is that of providing a text that could be used as a textbook for undergraduate teaching and would also appeal to a wider nonscholarly readership; accordingly, I have tried as much as possible to assume zero prior knowledge on behalf of the reader and to provide sufficient contextualisation for the evidence used and the phenomena examined. The second is that of providing a synthesis of the political, economic, social and cultural interactions between Greeks and non-Greeks across the archaic, classical and Hellenistic periods of the first millennium bce, taking into account the full range of literary, epigraphic, archaeological and numismatic sources. No such synthesis exists in any language and, as a result, the study of the interactions between Greeks and Barbarians has been characterised by deep fragmentation: scholars working, for example, on the Black Sea are often not familiar with the scholarship on Egypt or the western Mediterranean; scholars working on, for example, archaic Greek ‘colonies’ do not often converse with scholars working on Hellenistic Jews; literary scholars working on, for example, the depiction of Barbarians in Greek tragedy are often unaware of the specialist scholarship on archaeology or numismatics; finally, scholarly approaches in different academic traditions can often talk past each other. I hope this book will provide some bridges across disciplinary divisions and stimulate further interaction and dialogue. The third aim is that of approaching the interaction between Greeks and non-Greeks from a novel methodological and theoretical approach that will link ancient history with current debates in other fields of history, in anthropology and in post-colonial studies. I propose to re-examine the interactions between Greeks and nonGreeks within processes of globalisation and glocalisation in the Mediterranean and Near Eastern world of the first millennium bce. I hope that this approach will prove to be beneficial and stimulating to scholars working on intercultural interaction in the ancient world, as well as initiate a dialogue with scholars working on global history and globalisation in other periods and cultures. The enormity of the subject has necessitated some very difficult choices about what issues and areas to discuss, in how much detail, and in what xv © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information xvi Note to the reader manner and context. I have tried to be as inclusive as possible under the circumstances; but the need to combine didactic purposes with synthesis and a novel approach means that the same area or different aspects of the same phenomenon might be discussed in different chapters or sections. I have tried to ameliorate any problems created in this way by creating smooth transitions from one section to the other and by providing extensive cross-references to different sections and chapters. Unavoidably, there have been restrictions and omissions. I regret that I could not devote more space than I do to the Greek communities of Asia Minor and their interactions with various non-Greek communities and cultures, as well as to the Greek communities in the far west of southern France and Spain. But the most serious omission is that of Cyprus, which provides a most fascinating test case of the hybrid interaction between Greek and non-Greek cultures in the archaic and classical Mediterranean. I have consciously avoided almost any reference, in the hope that the enormity of the gap will stimulate other scholars with better acquaintance with the evidence to do it justice elsewhere. I explain the structure of the book in more detail in section 1.6 of the Introduction. The range of subjects covered in this book has produced an enormous scholarly literature. To keep the bibliography of a massive topic within bounds, as well as to allow the reader without foreign languages to pursue further study, I tend to give references, wherever possible, to recent works in English, which provide a synthesis of existing literature as well as full bibliographical references. At the same time, I have also tried to cater for the advanced reader and scholar who would like to explore further areas outside his or her expertise, or the work of different academic traditions. Accordingly, my references might often appear idiosyncratic: I might, for example, give a single reference to a synthetic English work on a large and complex topic, and two or three references to works in German or Italian for a rather secondary issue, on which no synthetic works exist. I hope different kinds of reader will find that in practice the system works rather well. The book also quotes and cites a wide range of evidence from literary, epigraphic, papyrological, archaeological and numismatic sources. All texts quoted have been translated. Translations of literary sources are from the relevant volumes of the Loeb Classical Library, unless otherwise stated; translations of epigraphic and papyrological sources are by the author, unless otherwise stated. Non-specialist readers and those who cannot read ancient Greek tend to be least familiar with the epigraphic and papyrological evidence; for those who would like to read further, or employ the sources mentioned in their own research, I have tried to provide references © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information Note to the reader xvii to easily accessible translated sourcebooks, in tandem with references to the standard epigraphic and papyrological corpora for specialist readers. For readers unfamiliar with the languages and literatures of the ancient Near East, I have provided references to collections of translated texts, where passages can be easily consulted. I have tried to provide illustrations for much of the archaeological and numismatic evidence mentioned in the book; given the practical limits to the number of illustrations that could be included, I have also given references to publications where readers can find images of those objects and monuments which have not been illustrated. This book mentions numerous places and regions, and it is often difficult even for the specialist reader to keep track of all of them, let alone the student or the wider audience. The book contains eight maps whose purpose is to enable readers to place the phenomena, events and processes discussed. To make consultation easier, the entries for places and regions in the Index include in square brackets the number of the map at which each place is depicted. The transliteration of Greek names and places in English is a perennial problem. To achieve maximum consistency with minimum opaqueness, I have opted for Latinised versions of Greek names and places (Herodotus for Hêrodotos, Boeotia for Boiôtia), with the minor exception of those names and places whose English version has become so common, that it would be impractical to use the Latinised version of the Greek original (Aristotle instead of Aristoteles, Antioch instead of Antiocheia). All dates are bce unless otherwise stated. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information Abbreviations AchHist 2 AchHist 3 AchHist 6 AchHist 8 AchHist 11 ACSS AION (arch) AJA AJP Arvanitopoulos AS Austin AWE B-D BASOR BCH BIFAO BNJ BSA CA CAH CC xviii H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg and A. Kuhrt (eds), Achaemenid History, vol. 2: The Greek Sources. Leiden, 1987. A. Kuhrt and H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg (eds), Achaemenid History, vol. 3: Method and Theory. Leiden, 1988. H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg and A. Kuhrt (eds), Achaemenid History, vol. 6: Asia Minor and Egypt: Old Cultures in a New Empire. Leiden, 1991. H. Sancisi-Weerdenburg and A. Kuhrt (eds), Achaemenid History, vol. 8: Continuity and Change. Leiden, 1994. M. Brosius and A. Kuhrt (eds), Achaemenid History, vol. 11: Studies in Persian History: Essays in Memory of David M. Lewis. Leiden, 1998. Ancient Civilisations from Scythia to Siberia. Annali dell’Istituto universitario orientale di Napoli. Sezione di archeologia e storia antica. American Journal of Archaeology. American Journal of Philology. A. S. Arvanitopoulos, Θεσσαλικά μνημεία. Athens, 1909. Anatolian Studies. M. Austin, The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest, 2nd edn. Cambridge, 2006. Ancient West and East. R. S. Bagnal and P. Derow (eds), The Hellenistic Period: Historical Sources in Translation, new edn. Malden, MA and Oxford, 2004. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale. I. Worthington (ed.), Brill’s New Jacoby, available at: www. brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=bnj_title_bnj. Annual of the British School at Athens. Classical Antiquity. Cambridge Ancient History. W. Blümel, P. Frei and C. Marek (eds), ‘Colloquium Caricum’, special issue of Kadmos, 37, 1998. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information List of abbreviations CHI 2 CHJ 1 CHJ 2 CIRB CJ Confini e frontiera COP CQ CRAI Curty D-K DdA DHA EA EAD EGF FD FGrH Fornara G&R Grandi santuari xix I. Gershevitch (ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 2: The Median and Achaemenian Periods. Cambridge, 1985. W. D. Davies and L. Finkelstein (eds), The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 1: Introduction; The Persian Period. Cambridge, 1984. W. D. Davies and L. Finkelstein (eds), The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 2: The Hellenistic Age. Cambridge, 1989. V. V. Struve et al. (eds), Corpus Inscriptionum Regni Bosporani. Moscow and Leningrad, 1965. Classical Journal. Confini e frontiera nella Grecità d’Occidente: atti del trentasettesimo convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia. Taranto, 1999. M. T. Lenger, Corpus des ordonnances des Ptolémées, 2nd edn. Brussels, 1980. Classical Quarterly. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres. O. Curty, Les parentes légendaires entre cités grecques. Geneva, 1994. H. Diels and F. Kranz, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, vols I–III, 6th edn. Berlin, 1951–2. Dialoghi di Archeologia. Dialogues d’histoire ancienne. Epigraphica Anatolica. Exploration archéologique de Délos. M. Davies, Epicorum Graecorum fragmenta. Göttingen, 1988. Fouilles de Delphes. F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der Griechischen Historiker, vols I–III. Leiden, 1923–58. C. W. Fornara, Archaic Times to the End of the Peloponnesian War, 2nd edn. Cambridge, 1983. Greece and Rome. La Magna Grecia e i grandi santuari della madrepatria: atti del trentunesimo convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia. Taranto, 1992. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information xx List of abbreviations GRBS Gusmani H-N IA ICS IEOG IG JEA JHS JMA JRS K-A L-P Labraunda LdÄ LIMC L’Or perse M-S M-W MAS MEFRA MHR Michel Modes Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. R. Gusmani, Lydisches Wörterbuch: mit grammatischer Skizze und Inschriftensammlung. Heidelberg, 1964. W. Horbury and D. Noy, Jewish Inscriptions of Greco-Roman Egypt. Cambridge, 1992. Iranica Antiqua. O. Masson, Les inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques, 2nd edn. Paris, 1983. F. Canali de Rossi, Iscrizioni dello Estremo Oriente Greco: un repertorio. Bonn, 2004. Inscriptiones Graecae. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Journal of Hellenic Studies. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology. Journal of Roman Studies. R. Kassel and C. Austin, Poetae Comici Graeci, vols I–VIII. Berlin, 1983–2001. E. Lobel and D. Page, Poetarum Lesbiorum fragmenta. Oxford, 1955. J. Crampa, Labraunda. Swedish Excavations and Researches, vol. III.2: The Greek Inscriptions. Stockholm, 1972. W. Helck and E. Otto (eds), Lexikon der Ägyptologie, vols I–VII. Wiesbaden, 1972–92. Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, vols I–XVIII. Zurich, 1981–99. R. Descat (ed.), ‘L’Or perse et l’histoire grecque’, special issue of REA, 91, 1989. R. Merkelbach and J. Stauber, Steinepigramme aus dem griechischen Osten, vols I–V. Munich, 1998–2004. R. Merkelbach and M. L. West, Fragmenta Hesiodea. Oxford, 1967. Modern Asian Studies. Mélanges de l’Ecole française de Rome. Antiquité. Mediterranean Historical Review. C. Michel, Recueil d’inscriptions grecques. Brussels, 1900. Modes de contacts et processus de transformation dans les sociétés anciennes. Rome, 1983. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information List of abbreviations Moretti NC OGIS OJA OpAth P. Col. IV P.Enteux. P. Mil. Page PCPS PdP PP QdS R-O REA REG RICIS Rigsby Rose Rowlandson Sardis SB SEG SGDI xxi L. Moretti, Iscrizioni agonistiche greche. Rome, 1953. Numismatic Chronicle. W. Dittenberger, Orientis graeci inscriptiones selectae, vols I–II. Leipzig, 1903–5. Oxford Journal of Archaeology. Opuscula Atheniensia. W. L. Westermann, C. W. Keyes and H. Liebesny (eds), Business Papers of the Third Century bc Dealing with Palestine and Egypt, vol. II. New York, 1940. O. Guéraud, Enteuxeis: requêtes et plaintes adressées au roi d’Égypte au IIIe siècle avant J.-C. Cairo, 1931. A. Calderini (ed.), Papiri Milanesi. Milan, 1928. D. L. Page, Poetae melici Graeci. Oxford, 1962. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society. Parola del Passato. W. Peremans and E. Van’t Dack (eds), Prosopographia Ptolemaica, vols I–IX. Louvain, 1951–81. Quaderni di Storia. P. J. Rhodes and R. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions 404–323 bc. Oxford, 2003. Revue des études anciennes. Revue des études grecques. L. Bricault, Recueil des inscriptions concernant les cultes isiaques, vols I–III. Paris, 2005. K. J. Rigsby, Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World. Berkeley, CA, 1996. V. Rose, Aristotelis qui ferebantur librorum fragmenta. Leipzig, 1886. J. Rowlandson (ed.), Women and Society in Greek and Roman Egypt: A Sourcebook. Cambridge, 1998. W. H. Buckler and D. M. Robinson, Sardis, vol. VII.1: Greek and Latin Inscriptions. Leiden, 1932. F. Preisigke et al. (eds), Sammelbuch griechischer Urkunden aus Ägypten, vols I–XVIII. Strasbourg, 1915–93. Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. H. Collitz and F. Bechtel (eds), Sammlung der griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften, vols I–IV. Göttingen, 1884–1915. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Frontmatter More information xxii List of abbreviations Sibari SIG³ Snell TAPA TL Tod UPZ Wehrli West YCS ZPE Sibari e la Sibaritide: atti del trentaduesimo convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia. Taranto, 1993. W. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum, 3rd edn. Leipzig, 1915–24. B. Snell, Pindari carmina cum fragmentis, vols I–II, 6th edn. Leipzig, 1980. Transactions of the American Philological Society. E. Kalinka, Tituli Lyciae linguis Graeca et Latina conscripti. Vienna, 1920–44. M. N. Tod, Greek Historical Inscriptions, vol. II. Oxford, 1948. U. Wilcken, Urkunden der Ptolemäerzeit: ältere Funde, vols I–II. Berlin, 1927–57. F. Wehrli, Die Schule des Aristoteles: Texte und Kommentar, vols I–XII, 2nd edn. Basel, 1948–69. M. L. West, Iambi et elegi graeci ante Alexandrum cantati, vols I–II, 2nd edn. Oxford, 1989–92. Yale Classical Studies. Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information 1 Introduction 1.1 Historiographies Few topics in ancient history attract such wide attention as the relationship between Greeks and Barbarians. To mention just two recent Hollywood movies should be enough: Oliver Stone’s Alexander, on Alexander the Great’s overthrow of the Persian Empire and the conquest of various peoples in the East; and Frank Miller’s 300, on the battle of Thermopylae between the Greeks and the Persian Empire, were great commercial successes and created considerable cultural and political debates.1 But there are also few topics in ancient history that lead to such fundamental differences in scholarly approaches and views. On the one hand, there is a longstanding approach that focuses on polarity and conflict. The relationship between Greeks and Barbarians is seen as part of the wider distinction between West and East; the Greeks are the ancestors of the West, the people who invented democracy, freedom of thought, science, philosophy, drama and naturalistic art, and whose literary works stand as the foundation of Western literature; the world of the East, the world of the people whom the Greeks described as Barbarians, is a wholly different world, characterised by despotism and theocracy and the absence of all the Greek achievements.2 The confrontation of the Greeks with the Persian Empire was the fight to preserve these achievements and values that we still cherish, and should be seen as part of a perennial confrontation between West and East; back in 1846, John Stuart Mill expressed this view in a famous adage: Even as an event in English history, the battle of Marathon is more important than the battle of Hastings. Had the outcome of that day been different, the Britons and the Saxons might still be roaming the woods.3 But this is by no means an old-fashioned view:4 for many people 9/11 is another act in a long play which started in the summer of 490 at the 1 2 For scholarly responses on the former, see Cartledge and Greenland 2010. For example, Meier 2011. 3 Mill [1846] 1978: 271. 4 For example, Billows 2010. © in this web service Cambridge University Press 1 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information 2 Introduction battlefield of Marathon.5 It is not for nothing that the UNESCO delegation of Iran officially complained about the depiction of ancient Iranians in the film 300, in the context of a deepening confrontation between Iran and the West. But views do change; if scholars at the time of Mill instantly identified with the Greeks at Marathon, this is no longer automatically the case in the post-colonial and multicultural world that we inhabit. The post-colonial critique of Western imperialism has led many scholars to turn the tables and approach the relationship between Greeks and Barbarians in a wholly different manner. The publication in 1978 of Edward Said’s famous Orientalism played a fundamental role in the changing of perspectives by providing a consistent critique of Western discourses about the Orient and showing how Western knowledge about the Orient had functioned as the handmaid of Western imperialism. Aeschylus’ tragedy The Persians, enacted in 472, just eight years after the battle of Salamis, was the first portrait of the Oriental in Western literature and was seen by Said as the origin of Western Orientalism.6 Since then, many scholars have explored the sinister consequences of Greek ethnocentrism. François Hartog in an influential study explored how Herodotus’ work and his descriptions of various Barbarian Others functioned as a mirror of the Greek Self: according to him, Herodotus’ discourse, and Greek discourses in general, showed little genuine interest in understanding foreign cultures and more in using them as a mirror to reflect a number of stereotypes about non-Greeks which were essential for constructing Greek identity.7 Edith Hall, in another ground-breaking work, took a similar approach and explored how Greek tragedy invented the Barbarian;8 more recently, Benjamin Isaac has examined the origins of racism in classical antiquity and in Greek writings about the Barbarians.9 The tables have truly turned: academics are as likely nowadays to focus on the ethnocentric, xenophobic and racist aspects of Greek views and Greek attitudes towards the Barbarians, as on exalting the Greek defence of democracy and free thinking against Oriental despotism. But no matter which perspective one might adopt, this is a discussion of the relationship between Greeks and Barbarians which focuses on conflict and unbridgeable polarities. Be that as it may, there has also long existed an alternative approach with a very different focus. This approach has a long pedigree, but perhaps its most influential statement ever was by Johann Gustav Droysen, one of the most famous German historians of the nineteenth century.10 In 1836, 5 8 6 Pagden 2008. Said 1978: 56–7. Hall 1989; cf. Hall 2006: 184–224. © in this web service Cambridge University Press 7 9 Hartog 1988. Isaac 2004; cf. Tuplin 1999. 10 Bravo 1968. www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information Historiographies 3 Droysen published the first edition of a monumental work titled Geschichte des Hellenismus.11 Droysen created the concept of Hellenismus to describe the process of the fusion between Greek and Oriental culture that took place in the aftermath of Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Persian Empire. According to him, the emergence and spread of Christianity, one of the foundational forces of the West, would have been impossible without the gradual fusion of Greek culture with the cultures of the Near East, which took place in the centuries after Alexander. Droysen’s concept of Hellenismus and his view of the fusion of Greek and Oriental cultures have been deeply influential as well as widely criticised; we shall have the opportunity to discuss them more extensively in Chapter 7.12 What is of importance here is the very different approach to the relationship between Greeks and Barbarians. Instead of conflict and polarity, this approach stresses interaction and exchange. The discovery and decipherment of the cuneiform documents of the Near East in the decades since Droysen have shown the significant extent to which cultural interaction went both ways. The discovery of the Hittite poetic cycle of Kumarbi, to give merely one example, has shown that Hesiod’s famous description of the succession of gods in the Theogony is clearly of Near Eastern origin (see p. 61).13 Influential scholars, including Walter Burkert and Martin West, have explored in various works the ways in which the cultures of the Near East influenced Greek culture and society already from the archaic period;14 others, such as Sarah Morris, have argued that the influence goes back all the way to the Bronze Age and is a constant aspect of Greek culture.15 And in 1987 the publication of the first volume of Martin Bernal’s Black Athena trilogy created shockwaves in the academic world and beyond.16 Bernal argued that the ethnocentric and racist presuppositions of Western scholars since the nineteenth century had led to the disparagement of Eastern cultures and the minimisation of their deep influence on Greece. In fact, Bernal, using a variety of archaeological, linguistic and literary evidence, went on to claim that the emergence of Greek culture was the outcome of the migration of Egyptian and Phoenician populations to the Aegean during the Bronze Age and later periods, and that Greek culture was effectively an offshoot of the older cultures of the Near East.17 As with Droysen, Bernal’s views have been both inspiring and deeply contested.18 Again, no matter what perspective one might adopt, and whether one 11 14 17 18 Droysen 1887/8. 12 Canfora 1987; Moyer 2011a: 1–41. 13 Rutherford 2009. Burkert 1992, 2004; West 1971, 1997. 15 Morris 1992. 16 Bernal 1987. Bernal 1991, 2006. Lefkowitz 1996; Lefkowitz and Rogers 1996; Berlinerblau 1999; Vlassopoulos 2007. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information 4 Introduction stresses the impact of Greek culture on non-Greeks or the other way round, the important thing is that this approach puts its focus on cultural interaction and exchange, and denies or minimises the deep polarities between East and West. We are accordingly faced with two diametrically opposite approaches to the study of the relationship between Greeks and Barbarians: one stresses conflict and polarity; the other stresses interaction, exchange and mutual dependence. Which one should we prefer? Or should we try to reconcile them? And if so, how exactly? Given the extent to which the study of the relationship between Greeks and Barbarians is enmeshed with so many issues relating to modern debates and identities, it might be worth starting by examining whether these two different approaches can already be found in the ancient sources, or are a mirage of modern scholarship and modern preoccupations. I want to explore this question by means of a number of different stories relating to a paradigmatic figure: this figure is Thales, a citizen of Miletus on the west coast of Asia Minor, who lived in the first half of the sixth century, and to whom modern histories of philosophy accord the honour of being the first Western philosopher. 1.2 A test case: Thales the Milesian There is an old Belfast joke about a stranger who goes to a pub. The regulars look at him apprehensively and one of them suddenly asks: ‘Stranger, are you a Catholic or a Protestant?’ ‘Well,’ says he, ‘as a matter of fact, I am a Jew.’ The long silence that ensues is finally interrupted by the only question that really matters: ‘Well, fair enough; but are you a Catholic Jew or a Protestant one?’ No matter what, at the end of the day there is a single, clear dividing line and one has to belong to one side or the other. Even more, this discourse of polarity is also an evaluative one: depending on one’s point of view, it is a good thing to be a Catholic or a Protestant and a bad thing to be the opposite. Something in the spirit of the Belfast joke is clearly expressed in a Greek story about Thales: Hermippus in his Lives refers to Thales the story which is told by some of Socrates, namely, that he used to say there were three blessings for which he was grateful to Fortune: ‘first, that I was born a human being and not one of the wild animals; next, that I was born a man and not a woman; thirdly, a Greek and not a barbarian’.19 19 Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Philosophers, 1.33. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information A test case: Thales the Milesian 5 The mentality of the Belfast joke is clearly evident here: one is either human or beast; a man or a woman; a Greek or a Barbarian; and, in fact, it is preferable to be a human rather than a beast, a man than a woman, and a Greek than a Barbarian. This story therefore clearly confirms that polarity and conflict were essential aspects of how Greeks approached their relationship with the Barbarians. At the same time though there are a number of other stories relating to Thales which point in rather different directions. Let us start with a story reported by Socrates in one of the Platonic dialogues: Why, take the case of Thales, Theodorus. While he was studying the stars and looking upwards, he fell into a pit, and a neat, witty Thracian servant girl jeered at him, they say, because he was so eager to know the things in the sky that he could not see what was there before him at his very feet. The same jest applies to all who pass their lives in philosophy.20 This is a nice anecdote: a Thracian Barbarian, who was also a woman and a slave, got the chance to jeer at the great philosopher Thales, who was so grateful to the gods for being a Greek and a man. The story is not exactly a reversal of Thales’ prejudices; in fact, the ridiculing of philosophers is made even more poignant precisely because it is attributed to the lowest of the low: a Barbarian female slave. The story is illuminating about an important way in which Greeks came into contact with Barbarians. Slavery was an essential institution of Greek societies, and most slaves were Barbarians; it does not take much thinking to understand why the Greeks might have despised Barbarians and consider them slavish and inferior. But the fact that the stereotype of the Barbarian slave can be used to poke fun at a quintessentially Greek phenomenon like that of philosophy underlines the complexity and subtlety with which Barbarians can be portrayed in Greek sources: the moral of the story is put in the mouth of the witty Barbarian, not the superwise Greek. A third story presents a radical reversal: The advice given before the destruction [of the Ionians] by Thales of Miletus, a Phoenician by descent, was good too; he advised that the Ionians should have one place of deliberation, and that it be in Teos (for that was the centre of Ionia), and that the other cities be considered no more than demes [villages].21 Thales might have praised the gods for being born Greek: but according to Herodotus, he was in fact Phoenician in origin. We do not know on what basis Herodotus claimed that Thales was Phoenician; according to later 20 Plato, Theaetetus, 174a. 21 Herodotus, 1.170. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information 6 Introduction sources, he was the descendant of the Phoenician Thelidae and became a citizen of Miletus when he was expelled from his Phoenician homeland;22 what is interesting is that in no way is Thales’ alleged foreign origin used against him, since Herodotus immediately commends his wise advice to the Ionians. But Herodotus also knew another story about Thales and Croesus, the famous king of Lydia, the most powerful king of Asia Minor in the first half of the sixth century, and the first Barbarian, according to Herodotus,23 to subjugate Greek communities: When [Croesus] came to the river Halys, he transported his army across it – by the bridges which were there then, as I maintain; but the general belief of the Greeks is that Thales of Miletus got the army across. The story is that, as Croesus did not know how his army could pass the river (as the aforesaid bridges did not yet exist then), Thales, who was in the encampment, made the river, which flowed on the left of the army, also flow on the right, in the following way.24 Thales might be happy he was not a Barbarian, but according to this story he could also be a loyal servant of a Barbarian king who had subjugated Greek communities. We saw above in the story with the Thracian slave how Greeks would come to know Barbarians from a position of superiority as masters towards slaves. But here we see how exactly the opposite could also be the case; Greeks could interact with Barbarians from a position of inferiority, as the employees and subjects of Barbarian kings. The model of interaction and exchange is not therefore inapplicable to Thales. Not only was he, according to some stories, a Barbarian who had migrated to a Greek city and become a citizen, but according to other stories he had worked in the entourage of a Barbarian king: what better context to imagine for interactions and exchanges? And in fact, according to a final story, the very wisdom of Thales was the result of such interactions with Barbarians: Pamphila states that, having learnt geometry from the Egyptians, [Thales] was the first to inscribe a right-angled triangle in a circle, whereupon he sacrificed an ox.25 We have come full circle: if a Barbarian slave could successfully poke fun at Thales for his astronomical interests, we are now told that his very scientific achievements were the result of his education among the Egyptians, who were, according to Herodotus, the first people to discover geometry.26 If Thales could boast about his Greek origins, other Greeks circulated stories about his Barbarian origins. If Thales had a Barbarian 22 25 Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, 1.22. Diogenes Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, 1.24. © in this web service Cambridge University Press 23 26 1.6. 24 1.75. Herodotus, 2.109. www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information Hellenicity and Hellenisation 7 slave, he was also the employee of a Barbarian king. Is Thales the model of a proud/bigoted Greek who despises Barbarians, lords it over Barbarian slaves and instigates the Greek invention of philosophy? Or is he a model of a Barbarian who becomes a citizen of a Greek city, a Greek who works as an employee of a Barbarian king, a Greek who owes his wisdom to Barbarian teachers? We can consequently conclude that conflict and polarity, as well as interaction and exchange, are not mirages of modern preoccupations and debates. They can already be found in the different stories that circulated in antiquity about the same individual. We cannot choose one model and discard the other: but how are we to understand them and explain their coexistence? 1.3 Hellenicity and Hellenisation The relationship between Greeks and Barbarians is often presented within a chronological trajectory which differentiates sharply between the archaic (c. 700–479), the classical (479–323) and the Hellenistic (323–31) periods, with the Persian Wars (490–79) and the conquests of Alexander the Great (334–23) serving not only as the major dividing lines between the archaic/ classical and classical/Hellenistic periods, but also as the major explanatory forces behind the presumed radical differences and changes between the three periods.27 The key factor in this traditional account is Greek identity (Hellenicity): the narrative focuses on the formation and development of Hellenicity, and the role of non-Greeks and their cultures in its formation and development. According to this traditional account, the archaic period is characterised by the expansion and transformation of the Greek world out of the fragmented world of the Iron Age (1100–700). Around 700 the Greek world was emerging as a backward periphery, which was highly stimulated through contact with and influence from the older, richer, more developed and more powerful world of the Near East. In the same way that the adoption of the Phoenician alphabet enabled the Greeks to become literate, with significant effects for the transmission of their literature and for the transformation of their intellectual pursuits,28 the stimulus of the artistic traditions of the Near East led to what has been variously described as the Orientalising period, the Orientalising phenomenon or the Orientalising revolution.29 Greek artists and artisans adopted and adapted countless Near Eastern techniques, products, motifs and iconographies; they were thus able 27 29 See already Jüthner 1923. 28 Burkert 2004: 16–20. Burkert 1992; cf. Riva and Vella 2006. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information 8 Introduction to break through the long established traditions of Geometric art and begin the process of continuous artistic transformations that characterises the history of Greek art.30 This transformation of Greek culture and society through the stimulus of the Near East was accompanied by the gradual process of the formation of Greek identity out of the multiple local and regional identities that characterised the Iron Age. There was not yet any clear distinction between Greeks and Barbarians, as is also evident by the (relative) lack of references to such distinctions in archaic Greek literature.31 The Persian Wars are traditionally seen as a radical juncture between the archaic and classical periods.32 The military confrontation and the Greek victory created a new world, polarised between Greeks and Barbarians. The ensuing classical period was the time when the Greeks were ‘inventing the barbarian’ and investing heavily in this invention.33 Greeks became highly aware of their common cultural and ethnic characteristics, while categorising all non-Greek people as Barbarians, who lacked Greek virtues and exhibited all non-Greek vices, such as luxury, effeminacy, despotism and lack of self-control.34 If the archaic period was characterised by exchange and Near Eastern influence on Greek culture, the classical period is characterised by confrontation and polarity. Alexander’s conquest of the Persian Empire is then seen as a new radical change of the plot. In the aftermath of the dismemberment of Alexander’s empire by his successors, Greco-Macedonian dynasties came to rule over non-Greeks from Asia Minor and Egypt all the way to modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. A major result of these new states was the adoption of Greek culture and identity by many individuals and communities across the eastern Mediterranean and the Near East. The creation of new settlements by the Hellenistic kings, which took the form of Greek poleis, was based on the migration of Greeks into Egypt and the Near East, and played an important role in the spread of Greek culture. The reformulation of Hellenicity as a cultural identity, which took place primarily in classical Athens,35 made it relatively easy for non-Greeks to acquire a Greek education and to adopt Greek culture; many of the most important Greek intellectuals and artists of the Hellenistic period came from Syria, Phoenicia and Cilicia. Given the large numbers of non-Greeks who had adopted Greek culture, the old, polar distinction between Greeks and Barbarians progressively lost much of its importance in the course of the Hellenistic period.36 30 33 36 Poulsen 1912; Akurgal 1968. 31 Hall 2002: 90–171, 2004. 32 Morris 1992: 362–86. Hall 1989. 34 Cartledge 2002: 51–77. 35 Hall 2002: 179–226. For example, Burstein 2008. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information Hellenicity and Hellenisation 9 This account of the emergence and transformation of Hellenicity and its interaction with other cultures over the archaic, classical and Hellenistic periods coexists with another approach: that of Hellenisation. Scholars have rarely defined carefully and explicitly what they mean by Hellenisation, but in most cases it describes the process through which non-Greek communities adopted Greek material culture, language and literature, styles and iconography, cults and myths, cultural practices like athletics, and even Greek identity.37 The focus of this approach is the process through which elements of Greek culture make their presence clearly felt among non-Greek societies across the Mediterranean and the Black Sea from the archaic period onwards.38 While the Hellenicity approach presents a clear chronological narrative that distinguishes between the archaic, classical and Hellenistic periods, the Hellenisation approach is less interested in drawing chronological distinctions, and more willing to portray Hellenisation as a continuous process. As regards the study of the archaic and classical periods, the Hellenicity and the Hellenisation approaches coexist implicitly, because they are applied to different problems and aspects.39 The Hellenicity approach is applied to the study of the mainland Greek world and its interaction with the empires of the East, while the Hellenisation approach is primarily applied to the study of the wider world of apoikiai (‘colonies’), the Greek settlements that spread from the eighth century onwards across the Mediterranean.40 It is to the progressive adoption of elements of Greek culture by various non-Greek societies in the areas where Greek apoikiai emerged, from Italy, Sicily and southern France to Thrace and the Black Sea, that the Hellenisation approach is usually applied. It is only in the Hellenistic period that Hellenicity and Hellenisation finally mingle, with the creation of a cultural form of Hellenicity open to non-Greeks, the GrecoMacedonian rule over non-Greek societies in the Near East, and the progressive Hellenisation of non-Greek communities from Asia Minor to Syria and Egypt.41 While there are elements of truth in the traditional account presented above, it is also deeply misleading in many of its assumptions and conclusions. The traditional account presents a clear chronological division that is identical with the division between archaic, classical and Hellenistic periods, and posits two great political events as explanatory forces for 37 39 41 See, e.g., Domínguez 1999: 324. See already Chapot et al. 1914. See already Jouguet 1928. 38 40 See, e.g., the case of Greek art: Boardman 1994. Blakeway 1935; Dunbabin 1948: 191–3; Benoit 1965. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Excerpt More information 10 Introduction what are seen as major changes in the relationship between Greeks and Barbarians. This political explanation is deeply flawed, as we shall see. While both the Persian Wars and the conquests of Alexander were significant developments, they did not constitute radical breaks in the relationship between Greek and non-Greek cultures. To start with, this is because most of the changes attributed to these political events long predated them. We shall see in Chapters 2 and 5 that the Panhellenic community and the Barbarian repertoire in Greek culture predated the Persian Wars. While Droysen attributed the expansion of Greek culture in the Near East to Alexander’s conquest, scholars have long discovered that many of the interactions that Droysen posited as being a result of the conquests of Alexander had in fact started long before that. Everybody knows that the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world: this was the funerary monument of Mausolus, a native dynast of Caria in Asia Minor, who was also a satrap of the Persian Empire and who died in 353, three years after the birth of Alexander the Great and nineteen years before Alexander crossed to Asia Minor. Mausolus used Greek artistic models and the most famous Greek artists of the day; he was a Hellenistic ruler before the emergence of the Hellenistic world.42 Furthermore, the major flaw of the traditional approach is the assumption that each historical period is dominated by a single form of interaction between Greeks and non-Greeks. It is as if, in the various stories about Thales we have examined above, the stories about his learning of Egyptian wisdom or working for a Lydian king would represent the archaic period, while the story about his polarised pronouncements concerning Barbarians would represent the classical period. In fact, the various stories about Thales and the realities they reflected coexisted: Greeks went on working for foreign kings and presenting Greek thought as the beneficiary of alien wisdom, while also presenting polarised images of Barbarians, throughout the course of the classical period. The interactions and encounters between Greeks and nonGreeks exhibited a wide range of forms during the whole of the first millennium and in all three periods (archaic, classical and Hellenistic). We need a methodological framework that will allow us to examine the full range of Greek–Barbarian interactions over the long term. This is the framework of the four parallel worlds that we shall shortly explore in section 1.4. Equally problematic are the assumptions of the Hellenisation approach.43 The adoption of elements of Greek culture by non-Greek communities did 42 43 Hornblower 1982: 352–3. Whitehouse and Wilkins 1989; Hodos 2006; Dietler 2010: 43–53. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information Index locorum Literary sources Note: reference numbers for the relevant corpora of fragments of ancient authors appear within brackets next to the name of the author; for the abbreviations of the various corpora, see the List of Abbreviations. The capital letters F and B stand for fragment, the capital letter T for testimony. 376 Abaris (BNJ 34) F1–2: 208 Aelian Various History 12.1: 90 Aeneas the Tactician 15.9–10: 201 16.14: 201 24.3–14: 201 31.25–7: 201 31.35: 201 37.6–7: 201 40.4: 201 Aeschylus The Persians 181–99: 195 Suppliant Women 277–90: 196 Alcaeus of Mytilene (L-P) F45: 177 F69: 177 F350: 177 Alcman of Sparta (Page) F16: 177 Anacreon of Teos (Page) F347: 177 F356b: 178 F417: 177 Anaxandrides (K-A, II) F40: 191 F42: 124 Anthologia Graeca 7.417: 312 Antiphon of Athens On the Murder of Herodes 20: 125 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Antiphon the Sophist (D-K 87) B44: 194 Archilochus of Paros (West) F2: 120, 177 F5: 120, 177 F19: 176 F22: 120 F42: 178 F93: 177 F102: 120 F216: 177 Aristeas of Proconnesus (BNJ 35) F2: 175 F7: 175 Aristophanes Acharnians 141–50: 137 153–72: 125, 191 Birds 1615–82: 191 Thesmophoriazusae 1001–231: 191 Wasps 828: 89 Aristotle (Rose) Barbarian Customs F604–11: 202 Constitution of the Athenians 15: 123 Metaphysics 981b20–5: 210 Politics 1272b24–1273b26: 204 1315b26: 134 1324a5–b25: 202 1329b: 202 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information Index locorum Arrian Anabasis 2.5.3: 155 Artapanus (FGrH 726) F3: 316 Athenaeus 4.148–54d: 138 4.157b: 312 14.632: 110 Aulus Gellius Attic Nights 17.17.1: 318 Bacchylides Odes 3.23–62: 176 Bible Acts of the Apostles 14.8–11: 300 I Esdras 3–4: 153 Ezekiel 27: 178 Genesis 10: 178 Charon of Lampsacus (FGrH 262) F1: 125 Cleodemus Malchus (FGrH 727) F1: 315 Ctesias of Cnidus (FGrH 688) Persica F6b: 221 Damastes of Sigeion (FGrH 5) F8: 148 Demosthenes Third Philippic 31: 75 Diodorus Siculus 1.98.5–9: 233 14.9.8–9: 110 14.15.3: 110 14.46.1: 107 14.53.4: 107 15.38: 69 Diogenes Laertius Lives of the Eminent Philosophers 1.22: 6 1.24: 6 1.33: 4 Dionysius of Halicarnassus Roman Archaeology 3.46.3–5: 131 377 Ephorus of Cyme (FGrH 70) F42: 206 Eupolemus (FGrH 723) F1: 315 Euripides Bacchae 1–42: 208, 214 Helen 4–15: 195 Orestes 1370–1536: 192 Phoenician Women 1–9: 195 5–6: 195 203–25: 195 239–49: 195 638–9: 195 Trojan Women 764–5: 193 Hecataeus of Miletus (FGrH 1) F1: 182 F19: 182 F20: 210 F21: 183 F27: 182 F34: 183 F76: 181 F119: 181 F127: 181 F154: 181 F284: 181 F287: 181 F307–8: 181 F345: 181 T12: 181 Hellanicus of Lesbos (FGrH 4) F55: 184 F79: 184 F82: 184 F84: 184 F111: 183 F175: 210 F178: 184 F189: 210 Heracleides of Cyme (FGrH 689) F1–4: 204 Heracleides Ponticus (Wehrli VII) F68: 208 F69–70: 208 F73–5: 208 Hermippus of Athens (K-A V) F63: 89 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information 378 Index locorum Herodotus 1.1–5: 151 1.6: 6 1.30–3: 208 1.46–55: 43 1.54.2: 43 1.61–4: 123 1.70: 5 1.75: 6 1.96–101: 203 1.173: 261 2.30.4: 157 2.32: 143 2.39: 148 2.41: 151 2.43–4: 211 2.45: 183 2.49: 208 2.50: 29 2.81: 209 2.104: 150 2.109: 6 2.111: 158 2.123: 209 2.125: 155 2.134–5: 100 2.143: 183 2.149–50: 156 2.152: 44 2.164–6: 205 2.173: 156, 207 2.177.2: 208 2.178: 98, 100 2.179: 98, 148 2.181: 133, 136 2.182: 151 3.6–7: 148 3.14: 200 3.17–25: 206 3.36: 153 3.38: 153, 157 3.39: 132 3.40–3: 207 3.80–8: 202 3.89–97: 204 3.91: 268 3.119: 200 3.139–41: 48 4.5–7: 159 4.8–10: 158 4.24–7: 148 4.36: 207 4.43: 218 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 4.45: 301 4.71–2: 117 4.76: 207 4.77: 208 4.78: 133 4.78–80: 207 4.79: 114, 139 4.137: 54 4.152: 85 4.186: 150 4.196: 148 4.200–4: 51 5.11: 48 5.12–17: 51 5.18–20: 138 5.22: 75 5.23.2: 120 5.30.1: 54 5.36.2: 148 5.52–4: 204 5.58: 210 6.20: 51 6.21.2: 54 6.34: 123 6.41: 48 6.42.1: 47 6.43: 47, 203 6.58–60: 194 6.119: 51 7.6: 55 7.91: 268 7.135–6: 157 7.139: 57, 59 7.147: 90 7.150: 55, 154 7.168–9: 55 7.172–3: 57 7.184–7: 56 7.228: 56 8.30: 56 8.75: 59 8.98: 204 8.144.2: 59 9.16: 138 9.78–9: 192 9.82: 157 9.107: 48 Hesiod Theogony 1011–16: 174 Works and Days 589: 91 Hipponax of Ephesus (West) www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information Index locorum F27: 177 F42: 177 F115: 177 F125: 177 Homer Iliad 1.3: 172 1.423–4: 171 2.494–759: 171 2.816–77: 171 2.867: 37 2.872–3: 171 3.3–7: 171 3.182: 171 5.576–7: 131 6.119–236: 132, 260 6.186: 171 11.632–7: 228 12.310–28: 172 13.4–6: 171 23.202–7: 171 Odyssey 4.120–32: 172 4.125–7: 90 4.611–19: 90, 172 7.86–102: 173 7.112–21: 173 8.557–62: 173 9.105–16: 173 9.193–298: 173 14.192–359: 79 14.285–300: 172 15.415–16: 79 17.382–5: 79 Homeric Hymns To Apollo 179–80: 173 To Dionysus 8–9: 174 To the Mother of the Gods 1–3: 174 Isocrates Bousiris 28–9: 209 Panegyricus 50: 291 150–1: 193 Pausanias 6.19.10: 98 6.19.11: 107 379 10.10.6: 40 10.13.10: 40 Pindar (Snell) F270: 207 Olympian I 23–4: 195 36–8: 195 Pythian I 94: 176 Plato Charmides 156d–e: 126 Critias 113a: 212 Epinomis 987d–e: 28 Laws 656d–657a: 206 Menexenus 245c–d: 300 Phaedrus 258c: 201 274c–275c: 212 Republic 327a: 144 Theaetetus 174a: 5 Timaeus 21c–25e: 211 23b–24d: 205 Pliny Natural History 35.18: 317 Plutarch Life of Alexander 15.4–5: 76 27.5: 150 Life of Artaxerxes 21.2: 52 21.3: 52 Life of Crassus 33.2–4: 310 Life of Themistocles 26.5: 52 29.7: 46 Life of Timoleon 31.1: 110 Polyaenus Stratagems 6.53: 126 Ps.-Aristotle Mirabilia 836a: 97 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information 380 Index locorum Ps.-Aristotle (cont.) Oeconomica 1344a31–3: 201 1348a3–34: 201 1350b16–33: 201 1350b34–1351a16: 201 1351a17–22: 201 1351a24–31: 201 Ps.-Hesiod (M-W) Catalogue of Women F150–7: 175 F165: 175 Ps.-Hippocrates On Airs, Waters and Places 16: 192 Ps.-Xenophon Constitution of the Athenians 2.7–8: 100 Sappho of Lesbos (L-P) F16: 176 F39: 177 F44: 178 F96: 177 Scylax of Caryanda (FGrH 709) F5: 218 F7: 218 Solon of Athens (West) F28: 177 Stesichorus of Himera (Page) F213: 211 Strabo Geography 5.1.7: 97 6.1.13: 112 Theopompus of Chios (FGrH 115) F114: 70 F250: 74 Thucydides 1.3: 34 1.73–4: 62 1.94–5: 62 1.100: 122 2.29: 123, 127 2.97.4: 149 3.94.4–5: 194 4.50: 135 4.105: 123 6.6.2: 107 7.27–9: 125, 192 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Xanthus of Lydia (FGrH 765) F8: 185 F12: 186 F13: 185 F14: 186 F15: 186 F17: 185 F32: 207 Xenophanes of Colophon (D-K 11) B3: 178 B4: 177 B6: 178 B16: 182 B22: 177 Xenophon Anabasis 1.7.2–4: 194 3.1.26: 141 3.1.30–2: 141 4.8.4: 88 5.2.31: 127 5.6.15–21: 277 6.1.5–6: 142 6.1.12–13: 142 7.2.38: 133 7.3.22–5: 138 7.4.2: 123 7.8.8–24: 50 Cyropaedia 1.1.1–6: 204 1.2.1–16: 205 8.2.5–6: 204 Hellenica 1.5.17: 123 2.1.25: 123 3.1.10–13: 46 3.4.3–4: 67 4.1.29–30: 149 4.1.39: 132 4.1.40: 132 5.1.31: 68 5.2.16–17: 121 7.1.38: 148 7.5.27: 320 Oeconomicus 4.4–25: 205 8.11–16: 140 14.6–7: 205 Ways and Means 2.3: 101 4.1: 89 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information Index locorum 381 Epigraphical and papyrological sources Arvanitopoulos 41: 303 48: 303 62: 303 86: 303 89: 303 95: 303 107: 303 121: 303 170: 303 189: 303 CIRB 1: 138 114: 117 154: 117 171: 117 179–81: 117 193: 117 196: 117 200: 117 202: 117 1015: 116 COP 53: 285 EAD 30 418: 304 FD III.1 392: 127 IV 163: 299 Gusmani 1: 251 23–4: 252 ICS 371: 143 IEOG 9–10: 310 107: 296 117–25: 296 180: 295 188: 296 189–200: 296 195: 296 228: 51 290–2: 311 322–56: 296 382–3: 296 416–24: 295 454–5: 311 549–89: 311 IG I³ 421: 89 658: 134 1147: 63 1240: 134 1344: 101 1361: 101 IG II² 126–7: 136 141: 70, 101 236: 76 337: 102 342: 101 343: 101 349: 101 1283: 145 1553: 89 1956: 125, 134 2934: 144 8440: 102 8927: 135 10051: 130 10270: 135 10575a: 133 10898: 133 IG VII 2407: 137 IG XII.3 463/1388: 309 1350: 309 IG XII.5 245: 145 715: 295 IG XII.6, 1 279: 63 468: 63 Labraunda 40: 137 M-S 08.05.07: 292 17.10.01: 263 17.10.02–3: 85, 256, 264 17.15.01: 264 17.19.03: 155 Michel 546: 293 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information 382 Index locorum Moretti 41: 300 OGIS 70: 309 96: 314 101: 314 176: 288 233: 297 P. Col. IV 66: 289 P.Enteux. 79: 289 P. Mil. I 15: 290 RICIS 112/0701: 303 113/0545: 308 114/0202: 308 115/0302: 307 202/0101: 307 202/1101: 308 302/0204: 307 304/0802: 307 405/0101: 307 Sardis 85: 252 SB I 681: 289 SEG 4.44: 107 8.548: 308 9.1: 133 13.184: 133 14.604: 228 15.293: 314 16.573: 107 16.863: 44 22.336: 112 25.681: 303 27.249: 121 27.733: 252 27.817: 139 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 27.1106: 159 27.1107: 160 27.1114: 289 27.1115: 160 29.163: 144 29.1205: 252 30.909: 115 34.282: 298 34.898: 134 37.994: 45 38.1036: 86 38.1476: 299 39.210: 145 41.619: 115 42.152: 144 44.669: 115 47.1745: 294 49.911: 122 52.958: 87 53.788: 115 SGDI 1722: 314 5727: 256 SIG³ 6: 43 31: 55 110: 98 134: 47 168: 137 398: 302 456: 310 578: 298 TL 25: 256 44: 263 1183: 136 Tod 161: 70 UPZ I 1: 253 8: 290 72: 289 81: 290 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information Index (The numbers in square brackets indicate the map in which the place name appears.) Abaris 207 Abdalonymus of Sidon 273 Abdera [6] 122, 201 Abraham 315 Abu Simbel 44 Abydos [1] 70 Achilles 76, 130, 172, 263, 264 Acragas [4] 106, 108 actors 73, 285, 291, 310 Acusilaus of Argos 180 Ada the Carian 70 administration 204 Adonis 174 Aegina [1] 56, 63, 85, 90, 95, 100 Aeneas 184, 280 Aeneas the Tactician 201 Aeolic dialect 37 Aeolis [7] 141 Aeschylus of Athens 2, 162, 176, 188, 195 Aetna [4] 108 Aetolia 194, 302 Afghanistan 8, 243 Agesilaus of Sparta 67, 69, 132, 149, 216 Ahiqar 152, 243 Ahura Mazda 23, 270, 312 Aï Khanoum 296 Ainos [6] 125 Al Mina [3] 79 Alabanda 299 Alcaeus of Mytilene 177 Alcibiades of Athens 48, 123 Alcman of Sparta 177 Alexander I the Macedonian 74, 138 Alexander III (the Great) the Macedonian 1, 3, 8, 17, 19, 35, 48, 51, 73–7, 150, 155, 273, 282, 312 Alexandria in Arachosia 311 Alexandria in Egypt [8] 76, 294 alien wisdom 6, 28, 206–14, 305, 315 alphabet 7, 210, 227–9, 242, 244, 296 alterity 162, 172, 178, 186, 267 Alyattes the Lydian 42 Amasis the Egyptian 97, 132, 133, 134, 151, 156, 184, 201, 207, 253 Amathous [3] 177 Amazons 93, 171, 178, 183, 188, 191, 259, 260, 267 Amminapes the Parthian 73 Ammon 143, 150–1, 159, 212 Amphiaraus 314 Amphilochus 268 Amphipolis [6] 82, 85, 121, 126 amphoras 86, 90, 92, 94, 120, 148 Amyntas the Macedonian 73 Anacharsis the Scythian 176, 206, 207 Anacreon of Teos 177 Anatolia 87 Anaximander of Miletus 181 Andromache 193 Antalcidas of Sparta 68, 132 Antioch [8] 294 Antiphon the Sophist 194 Anu 161, 166, 269 Anu-uballit the Babylonian 287 Anubis 288, 307, 309 Apameia of Phrygia [8] 293 Aphrodite 95, 102, 234, 261, 269, 308 Apis 152, 253 apoikiai 9, 14–15, 21, 22, 32, 36, 39, 62, 81, 82, 88, 90, 97, 102–19, 126, 150, 177, 180, 184, 201, 230, 236, 242, 255, 256, 277, 281, 292, 293, 296, 297, 324 Apollo 40, 51, 86, 95, 97, 100, 115, 173, 176, 196, 271, 296 Apollonia [6] 122 Apollonides the Lydian 141 Arabia 14, 148, 289, 304 Aradus [8] 299, 303 Aramaeans 14, 227, 243, 254 Aramaic 21, 23, 25, 44, 49, 81, 90, 135, 146, 152, 155, 164, 231, 243, 247, 249, 251, 256, 263, 267, 269, 270, 296, 311, 314 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 383 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information 384 Index Arcadia 89, 142, 148, 263 Archilochus of Paros 119, 176 Aretalogies 307 Argos [1] 55, 67, 75, 154, 298, 303 Arimaspians 175 Ariobarzanes the Persian 69, 70, 132 Aristagoras of Miletus 54, 121 Aristeas of Proconnesus 175 Aristophanes of Athens 191 Aristotle of Stageira 74, 201, 203, 210 Aristoxenus of Taras 110 Armaouira [8] 310 Armenia [8] 303, 310 art 26, 38, 111–12, 178, 245, 247, 264, 271, 302 Artabazus the Persian 72 Artapanus 315 Artaphernes the Persian 47 Artaxerxes II the Persian 52, 66, 68, 69, 219 Artaxerxes III the Persian 72, 230 Artemidorus of Perge 309 Artemis 43, 54, 135, 212, 252, 264, 296, 297, 309 Artemisia the Carian 70, 137 artists 87, 92, 147, 165, 238, 256, 259, 268, 271 Ascalon [8] 185, 303 Ashoka the Indian 311 Asia Minor [7] 8, 9, 92, 161, 243 Asidates the Persian 49 Aspasia of Phocaea 52, 90 Aspendus [8] 298 Assurbanipal the Assyrian 155 Assyria [2] 14, 18, 27, 41, 51, 138, 153, 155, 161, 164, 165, 220, 222, 243, 244, 247, 248, 294 Astarte 95, 253, 294, 308 Atargatis 185, 289, 304 Atarneus [1] 74 Athena 26, 96, 113, 151, 212, 261, 263, 269, 271 Athens [1] 16, 54, 56, 58, 59, 62–4, 67, 70, 71, 82, 85, 89, 91, 93, 100–2, 106, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 130, 134, 135, 136, 143, 148, 161, 181, 191, 207, 211, 212, 216, 230, 237, 259, 261, 263, 266, 268, 308 athletics 52, 85, 237, 256, 285, 289, 292, 295, 296 Atlantis 211 Atossa the princess 184 Atotas the Paphlagonian 130, 151 Attalid dynasty 282, 302, 317 Attic dialect 37, 256, 291, 311 Attis 212 Automalax [3] 133 Avroman [8] 311 Axial Age 327 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Baal/Bel 174, 249, 270, 304 Babylonia [2] 14, 18, 27, 41, 45, 47, 49, 51, 146, 151, 164, 165, 166, 169, 177, 191, 243, 244, 247, 248, 249, 284, 287, 295, 296, 301, 313 Bactria [2] 51, 282 Barbarian repertoire 29, 31, 223–4, 300, 315, 329 Barbarians 37, 43, 74, 171, 191, 194, 255, 301–2 barbarisation 110, 127 Barca [3] 51, 201 Barsine the Persian 72 Behistun 247 Bellerophon 167, 260, 263, 266, 267, 299 Bendis 144–5, 212 Berezan [5] 113 Bernal, M. 3 Berossus the Babylonian 287, 306 Berytus [8] 303, 304 Bes 94, 267 Bible 153, 178, 220, 247, 315 biography 218, 219 Bisaltians 125 Bithynia [8] 74, 292, 303, 310 Black Sea [5] 9, 11, 13, 14, 90, 91, 113–17, 175, 236 Boeotia 137, 141 Bosporan kingdom 84, 87, 116–17, 138 Bousiris 183, 187, 216 Branchidae 51 Bruttium [4] 109, 303 Bronze Age 3, 38, 41, 78, 164, 244–5, 256 Buddhism 311 Burkert, W. 3 Byzantion [3] 71, 102 Cadmus 29, 174, 195, 210, 300 Caeneus 272 Caere [4] 40, 95, 216 Calamis the sculptor 151 Cale Acte [4] 109 Callinus of Ephesus 176 Camarina [4] 110 Cambyses the Persian 45, 153, 200 Campania [4] 105, 109, 139, 231, 318 canons 15, 215, 245, 246, 292, 325 Capaneus 95, 240 Cappadocia [8] 293, 310 Capua [4] 105, 109, 111 Cardia [6] 125 Caria [7] 10, 14, 17, 37, 44, 51, 54, 63, 70, 89, 101, 129, 133, 135, 171, 177, 202, 218–21, 227, 229, 252, 253, 255–60, 291, 292, 293 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information Index Carthage [4] 79, 84, 86, 89, 94, 95, 106, 109, 137, 140, 148, 201, 202, 203, 280, 317, 318 cartography 181 Caryatids 266 caste 205 Catabathmus [3] 133 Catalogue of Women 174 Catane [4] 110 Caunos [7] 259 Cedreae [7] 255 Centaurs 178, 191, 260, 267 Cephisodorus the metic 89 Cersobleptes the Thracian 127 Chares of Athens 72 Charon of Lampsacus 180 Chersonesus in the Crimea [5] 307 Chertomlyk [3] 236 Chios [1] 71, 100 Christianity 3, 327 Chrysaor 263, 299 Chrysaoric League 299 Cicero 280 Cilicia [7] 8, 22, 41, 48, 155, 231, 242, 247, 267–70, 293, 294 Cimmerians 175, 176 Cimon of Athens 123, 150 Cition [3] 79, 102, 303 citizenship 43, 70, 101, 137, 246, 298, 309 Clazomenae [7] 92, 100 Cleitomachus of Carthage 280 Cleodemus Malchus 315 Cnidos [7] 68, 100 Cnossos [1] 138 coinage 22, 88, 110, 111, 112, 114, 122–3, 150, 177, 229–31, 246, 257, 262, 269–70, 310, 311, 313 Colaeus of Samos 85 Colchis [5] 89 colonialism 278 colonisation 102–4 Colophon [1] 178 Commagene [8] 311 commensality 13, 138–9 Comosarye of Panticapaion 116 connectivity 81 Conon of Athens 52, 67 consumption 91 Corcyra [1] 55 Corinth 67, 92, 108, 131, 147, 317 Corsica 84 Cos [1] 310 Cotys the Thracian 124, 201 court narratives 152–3, 156, 169, 219, 220 385 courtesans 52, 70, 100 craftsmen 50, 51, 78, 87, 89, 107, 114, 117, 124, 131, 236 Crassus 310 Crete 79, 89, 203, 215, 260 Croesus the Lydian 6, 17, 42, 134, 136, 153, 176, 196, 208, 229, 301 Cronus 161, 166 Croton [4] 52 Ctesias of Cnidos 52, 169, 219–21 Cumae [4] 105, 109 Cunaxa 66 curses 107, 115, 253 Cybele 174, 207, 208, 212, 308 Cyclopes 172 Cyllyrioi 103 Cyme [1] 185 Cyprus [3] 54, 63, 68, 69, 70, 78, 99, 102, 143, 203, 271 Cyrene [3] 81, 88, 89, 90, 98, 133, 143, 150, 201, 216 Cyrus the Great the Persian 28, 45, 169, 197, 204, 222, 247, 313 Cyrus the Younger the Persian 66, 90, 132, 194, 205, 221 Cyzicus [7] 150, 207, 249, 292 Daedalus 97 Damastes of Sigeion 148 Danaus 151, 174, 195, 196, 210 Dardanus [1] 46 Dareius I the Persian 48, 50, 51, 53, 120, 148, 153, 188, 197, 200, 201, 202, 218, 247, 312 Dareius II the Persian 52, 66 Dareius III the Persian 72, 76 Dascyleion [7] 18, 249–50 Datames the Persian 201 Decapolis 312 dedications 15, 100, 113, 116, 145, 159, 295, 309 Deioces the Mede 203 Delian League 62 Delos [1] 303, 307, 314, 318 Delphi [1] 16, 39, 40, 43, 55, 70, 75, 97, 100, 102, 126, 128, 136, 150, 195, 264, 296, 298, 299, 302, 314 Demaratus of Corinth 131 Demaratus of Sparta 46, 48 Demeter 107, 308 Demetrias [8] 303 Demetrius the Chronicler 316 Democedes of Croton 52 democracy 47, 202 Demosthenes of Athens 75 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information 386 Index Demotic script 156, 285, 288, 290 departure scenes 111, 199 deportation 51 Dionysus 97, 139, 174, 207, 208, 213, 252, 269, 301 Dioscuri 27 diplomacy 40, 52, 90, 112, 128, 135–8, 148 doctors 52, 219 Doric dialect 37 Dorieus of Sparta 106 Droaphernes the Persian 252 Droysen, J. G. 2, 10, 278, 327 Ducetius the Sicel 108 dynasts 10, 46, 67, 85, 248, 257, 260, 263, 264, 266, 268 East 1 Ecbatana [2] 47 Edfu [8] 288 education 205, 244, 285, 291 effeminacy 43, 148, 155, 162, 171, 220 Egypt [2] 3, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 21, 24, 29, 41, 43–5, 49, 51, 52, 63, 69, 72, 73, 76, 79, 85, 89, 90, 97, 102, 123, 129, 143, 146, 148, 150, 151, 156, 157, 159–60, 165, 168, 170, 172, 181, 183, 187, 191, 195, 202, 205, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 215, 218, 230, 231, 236, 240, 241, 244, 253, 259, 268, 271, 284, 285–90, 292, 303, 305–9, 313, 315 Eion [6] 121 Eirene of Byzantion 102 El Kanais [8] 309 Elam [2] 41, 49, 244 Elephantine [2] 152, 243, 247, 313 Elymians 105 empires 17–19, 21, 41–52, 149, 152–3, 178, 200, 220, 243–54, 262, 275, 278, 280, 282–90, 313, 316, 324 emporia 82, 94–102, 121, 122, 282, 294, 303 Emporion [3] 81 Ennius 318 Entella [4] 109 entertainers 52, 70, 124, 125 Epaphus 152 Ephesus [7] 42, 234, 252 Ephorus of Cyme 185, 206 Erbbina of Xanthos 264 Eretria [1] 51, 54, 55 Erythrae [1] 137 Eryx [4] 106 Eshmun 271 Ethiopia 157, 167, 171, 182, 187, 206 ethnocentrism 2 © in this web service Cambridge University Press ethnography 141, 142, 149, 153, 172, 173, 175, 178, 181, 182, 202, 218, 219, 309 Etruria [4] 11, 40, 41, 80, 84, 86, 91, 96, 104, 105, 111, 131, 138, 139, 140, 147, 165, 174, 202, 227, 237–40 Euboea 80 Eudoxus of Cnidos 216 Euripides of Athens 75, 162, 193, 195, 208, 290, 310 Euromus [8] 291 Europe 263, 300 Eurymedon 63, 196 exiles 48, 54, 72, 73 Ezekiel the Tragedian 316 Fabius Pictor 26 faience 215, 241 Fayum [8] 288, 308 folktales 168 Forum Boarium 26 Francavilla Maritima [4] 113 France 9, 13, 86 freedom 60, 157, 194 frontier societies 14, 15, 83, 102–19 Gadara [8] 312 Galatia [8] 302 Gaugamela 76 Gauls 302, 303 Gaza [8] 76, 230, 303 Gela [4] 107 genealogy 167, 174, 195, 223, 313 Giglio [4] 91 Gilgamesh 146, 165, 244 Glaucus 131, 167, 260, 299 globalisation 11, 19–25, 226–34, 254, 279, 290–2, 294, 319, 326 currents of 11, 241–3, 254, 305–9, 329 imperial 243–54, 267 glocalisation 11, 21–5, 235–40, 255–73, 279, 295, 310–19, 320 Glos the Egyptian 201 grain 90 Granicus 76 Gravisca [4] 85, 94–5 Greco-Scythian art 117 Gyges the Lydian 41, 176 gymnasia 288, 292, 294, 296, 298, 313 Halicarnassus [7] 17, 100, 219, 256, 258 Halieis [1] 63 Hall, E. 2 Hanisa [8] 294 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information Index Hartog, F. 2 Hasmonaean dynasty 313 Hecataeus of Miletus 148, 180–3, 211, 316 Hecatomnid dynasty 70–1, 257, 263 Hecatomnus the Carian 70 Hellanicus of Lesbos 183, 184 Hellenic League 75 Hellenicity 7–9, 15, 34–6, 39, 40, 59, 100, 171, 286, 289, 291, 300 Hellenisation 9, 10–11, 21, 280, 289, 300, 309, 319, 320 Hellenismus 3, 8 Hellenocentrism 25, 27 Hera 95, 100, 152, 233, 308 Heracleia Pontica [5] 103 Heracleides of Cyme 204 Heracleides of Heracleia 208 Heracleides of Maroneia 123 Heracleides of Mylasa 218 Heracles 26, 51, 75, 87, 158, 175, 179, 181, 183, 187, 211, 216, 240, 269, 292, 294, 304, 312, 315 Hermes 97, 115, 306, 315 Hermias of Atarneus 74 Hermoupolis [8] 44 Herodotus of Halicarnassus 2, 5, 18, 29, 32, 43, 47, 53, 57, 59, 85, 153, 155, 156, 194, 200, 202, 204, 206, 209, 219, 260 Hesiod of Ascra 3, 28, 38, 91, 161, 168, 174, 203, 310 Hierapolis in Syria [8] 304 hieroglyphic script 155, 253 Himera [4] 84 Hippias of Athens 48 Hippocrates of Cos 192 Hipponax of Ephesus 177 Histiaeus of Miletus 48, 120 historiography 26, 184, 185, 263, 287, 306, 316 Hittites 3, 27, 28, 161, 165, 244 Holmoi [7] 269 Homer 16, 26, 34, 37, 38, 79, 90, 131, 147, 165, 166, 170–3, 185, 206, 228, 260, 308, 312, 318 Homeric Hymns 173–4 Horus 94, 160 Hurrians 27, 166, 244 hybridity 15, 98, 100, 107, 111, 115, 117, 236, 245, 252, 256, 261, 286, 296, 311 Hydarnes the Persian 157 Hyrcania [2] 50, 294, 307 Ialysus [3] 79 Iamneia [8] 304 387 Iasus [7] 256 Iberia 79, 86, 202, 242 Icarus 97 Icarus island [8] 295 iconography 23, 26, 88, 95, 97, 111, 122, 147, 165, 178, 186–8, 189, 191, 196–9, 212, 215, 231, 238, 248, 249, 254, 260, 262, 265, 267, 269, 272 Idrieus the Carian 70 Idumaea 286, 289, 312 Illyria [1] 89, 303 Imbros [6] 68 immigration 14, 107 Inarus the Libyan 63 India 49, 149, 205, 218, 220, 311, 330 inscriptions 23, 24, 40, 43, 44, 45, 47, 51, 63, 86, 87, 89, 94, 96, 98, 101, 105, 107, 111, 113, 114, 127, 133, 139, 145, 155, 227, 249, 251, 252, 255, 257, 259, 263, 264, 268, 289, 293, 295, 296, 299, 303, 310, 311, 314 Intaphernes the Persian 200 interaction 2–4, 6, 31 intercultural communication 13, 23, 48–9, 287 material 146–7 oral 147–54 patterns 154–60 textual 146 intermarriage 42, 73, 76, 102, 107, 123, 131, 132–3, 287, 303 interpreters 98, 135, 148, 155 intertextuality 27, 28, 165 Io 151, 174, 196 Ionia [7] 5, 18, 19, 42–3, 44, 46–7, 50, 52, 60, 66, 67, 68, 90, 95, 115, 150, 176, 180, 202, 232 Ionian revolt 53–4, 148, 188, 218 Ionic dialect 37, 256 Iphicrates of Athens 124, 126, 201 Isaac, B. 2 Isis 102, 150, 152, 160, 303, 307, 309, 318 Ismarus 120, 177 Isocrates of Athens 75, 192, 203, 291 Issos [7] 22–3, 76 Isthmos [1] 39 Istria [5] 88, 93, 133, 304 Italy [4] 9, 39, 87, 104, 139, 183, 184, 202, 228 Jason of Cyrene 316 Jaspers, K. 327 Jerusalem [8] 313 Jews 14, 16, 18, 36, 152, 211, 227, 243, 247, 286, 312–17 Joppa [8] 304 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information 388 Index Karaburun [7] 262 King’s Peace 68 Kızılbel [7] 262 koine 19, 21, 23, 245, 249, 257, 280, 291, 311 Kommos [3] 79 Kouroi 232 Kumarbi cycle 3, 161, 166 Kurgans 117 Kytenion [8] 299 Labraunda 70, 253, 257 Lampsacus [6] 46 language 37–8, 48–9, 51, 74, 86, 88, 95, 96, 102, 122, 124, 135, 140, 147, 149, 150, 186, 256, 267, 269, 289, 291, 300, 310, 311, 314 Laomedon of Mytilene 48 Lavinium [4] 26 leadership 204, 221 Lemnos [1] 68 Leocritus of Samos 63 Leonidas of Sparta 58 Leto 264, 308 Levant 123 Libya 89, 150, 181, 303, 315 Limyra [7] 262 literature 37–8, 85, 87, 110, 151, 152, 228, 256, 263, 296, 305, 307, 310, 312, 314–17, 318 Livius Andronicus 26, 165, 318 Lucania [4] 85, 109, 110–12, 202, 231, 303 Luwians 267, 269 luxury 149, 157, 162, 171, 178 Lycia [7] 17, 24, 51, 63, 131, 155, 167, 171, 172, 173, 202, 227, 248, 256, 260–7, 272, 291, 292, 308 Lydia [7] 6, 18, 22, 41, 42–3, 45, 51, 89, 101, 136, 141, 176, 177, 180, 185, 228, 229, 243, 248, 249, 251, 281, 294, 303 Lyric poetry 176–8 Lysander of Sparta 66, 132, 150, 205 Ma 295 Maccabees 313 Macedonia [1] 17, 53, 72, 73–6, 138, 203, 278, 281, 282, 289, 290, 294, 317 Macronians 88 Maeotae [5] 116 Magi 208, 250, 306 Magnesia, on the Maeander [1] 46, 297 Malija 261 Mallos [7] 269 Malta [3] 89 Mamercus the Campanian 110 Mania of Dardanus 46 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Manes 101, 134, 249, 251 Manetho the Egyptian 287, 306 manuals 201–2 Marathon 1, 55, 196 Marathus [8] 304 Mardonius the Persian 47, 59, 192, 202 Mariandynoi 103 Marisa [8] 304, 313 Maroneia [6] 120, 122, 123, 308 Massalia [3] 81, 94 mausoleum 71, 87, 259 Mausolus the Carian 10, 17, 24, 70, 71, 136, 137, 201, 258 Mazaca [8] 304 Media [2] 42, 45, 203, 220, 311 Mediterranean redistribution 81, 120, 274 Megabazus the Persian 120 Megara [1] 63 Meleager of Gadara 312 Melos [1] 150 Melqart 304 Memnon 167, 187 Memnon of Rhodes 72, 77 Memphis [2] 18, 129, 152, 236, 253–4, 284, 290, 303, 308 Men 144 Menelaus 172, 181 Mentor of Rhodes 72, 74 mercenaries 18, 44, 50, 66, 69, 72, 88, 89, 108, 109, 124, 125, 129, 169, 177, 191, 201, 253, 313 merchants 85, 86, 94, 98, 101, 131, 140, 148, 172, 304, 318 Messapia [4] 40, 105, 303 metals 80, 82, 90, 92, 120, 242, 294 Metapontion [4] 87, 104 metempsychosis 209 metics 101 Metiochus of Athens 48 Meydancıkkale 247 middle ground 104 migration 8, 49, 104, 107, 295, 301 Miletus [7] 6, 51, 54, 70, 100, 180 Mill, J. S. 1, 31 Miller, F. 1 Miltiades of Athens 55, 123 Miltiades the Elder of Athens 123 Mimnermus of Smyrna 176 Mlacuch 240 mobility goods 13, 86, 89–92, 149, 172, 177 ideas and technologies 13, 92–4, 125–6, 150 people 18, 80, 82, 85–9, 104, 124–5, 310, 313 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information Index modernisation 167, 194–5 Monte Bubbonia [4] 107 monumentality 231–4 Mopsus 268 Morgantina [4] 228 Morris, S. 3 Moses 315, 317 Motya [4] 106, 181, 234 multilingualism 164, 165, 243, 251, 254, 255, 256, 259, 263, 264, 280, 287, 303, 311, 319 Musaeus 315 Mycale 60 Mylasa [7] 70, 87, 257, 299 Myous [1] 46 Myrcinus [6] 120 Mysia [7] 142, 171, 175, 186, 249 mysteries 214 mythology 16, 17, 29–30, 38, 61, 75, 95, 97, 126– 7, 131, 147, 151–2, 154, 158–9, 165, 166–8, 170–6, 178, 181, 182–3, 185, 187, 189, 194– 5, 196, 200, 211, 223, 240, 260, 262, 267, 268, 280, 299, 300, 315, 317 Mytilene [6] 48, 100 Nabu 249 Nagidus [7] 269 names 44, 107, 117, 121, 123, 125, 127, 131, 133–5, 139, 143, 188, 252, 256, 262, 286, 288, 289, 291, 294, 296, 311, 314 Nanaia 296, 308 Naris the Bisaltian 125 Naucrates of Erythrae 71 Naucratis [3] 15, 97–100, 148, 180, 215, 234 Naxos [1] 54 Naxos in Sicily [4] 184 Neapolis [3] 231 Nectanebo II the Egyptian 69, 98, 218 Neith 98, 212 Nemea [1] 39, 299 Nemrud Dag [8] 312 Nereid Monument 93, 260, 265 Nergal 269 Nestor 228 networks 12–13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 22, 79, 82, 85–94, 274, 282, 296, 302, 305, 307, 318, 323 Niceratus of Istria 93 Nicocles of Salamis 70 Niconion [5] 114 Nicosthenes of Athens 237 Nile 143, 148 Nocera [4] 105 novellas 168, 220, 222 389 Nubia 44 Nymphaion [5] 117 Nymphodorus of Abdera 123 Nymphs 145 Odessus [5] 304 Odrysians 85, 145 Odysseus 168, 172, 173, 174, 267 oecists 102 oil 91 Olbia [5] 113–16, 139 Olorus the Thracian 123 Olympia [1] 16, 39, 40, 52, 75, 107, 112, 150, 191 Olynthus [1] 121 Oracles 43, 44, 102, 108, 125, 126, 127, 145, 150, 158, 264 orientalising phenomenon 7–8, 21, 79, 162 Oropus [8] 314 orphism 115, 209 Oscans 109–12, 318 Osiris 159, 214, 254, 305 Osteria del Osa 227 Paeonia 51, 181 Pagasae [1] 89 Pakistan 8 Palestine 312 Pamphylia [7] 294, 309 Pangaion [6] 121 Panhellenic world 15–17, 22, 34–41, 83, 178, 223, 276, 281, 297, 319, 325 community 16, 61, 74–6, 177, 281, 298–302 Games 17, 39, 58, 74, 75, 113, 151, 297, 299, 310 sanctuaries 16, 17, 38–41, 118, 304, 310 Pantaleon the Lydian 42 Panticapaion [3] 117, 197 Panyassis of Halicarnassus 261 Paphlagonia [5] 67, 89, 94, 130, 142, 151, 171 parallel worlds 10, 11–19, 320, 322 parasols 161, 265 Paris 194, 261 Paros [1] 119, 145 Parthenon 191, 216, 266 Parthia 310, 311 Parysatis the Persian 90 Pasargadae [2] 50 Pathyris [8] 288 Pausanias of Sparta 62, 157, 192 Peace of Callias 64 Pech Maho [3] 86 Pedon of Priene 45 peer–polity interaction 297–8 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information 390 Index Pegasus 260, 263 Peisistratus of Athens 123 Pellana [1] 85 Peloponnesian War 65–6 Pelops 195, 301 peltasts 126 Penelope 51 Pentathlus of Cnidos 106 Pergamon [8] 49 Perge [8] 309 Pericles of Limyra 262, 264, 266 Perinthus [6] 123 Periploi 31, 147, 169, 181 Perizoma group 237 Persepolis [2] 18, 47, 49, 50, 51, 76, 216 Perseus 147, 154, 175, 262 Persia [2] 2, 14, 15, 17, 101, 138, 149, 188, 195, 197, 250, 262, 264, 295, 303, 311 Persian Empire 1, 10, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 28, 45–52, 60, 62, 65, 74, 77, 84, 120, 132, 135, 142, 148, 153, 157, 161, 169, 176, 192, 201, 202, 204, 205, 216, 218–22, 229, 243, 246–9, 252, 254, 257, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271, 273, 284, 293, 310 Persian Wars 8, 16, 19, 35, 53–60, 154, 162, 163, 186, 188–9, 196, 219 Petosiris the Egyptian 287 Peucetia [4] 105 Phaeacians 173, 206 Pharnabazus the Persian 67, 132, 149, 269 Phaselis [7] 100, 136, 256 Pherecydes of Athens 180 Pherus the Egyptian 158 Philhellenism 75, 97 Philip II the Macedonian 72, 73–6, 229 Philiscus of Abydus 70 Philistides of Athens 87 philosophy 5, 203 Phocaea [7] 84, 100 Phocis 56 Phoenicia 3, 5, 8, 17, 24, 25, 44, 56, 63, 69, 78, 79, 90, 92, 95, 101, 105, 135, 140, 150, 165, 172, 181, 183, 195, 210, 227, 231, 241, 253, 267, 270–3, 293, 299, 303, 304 Phrygia [7] 41, 49, 89, 101, 133, 171, 177, 186, 188, 192, 194, 212, 249, 294 Phrynichus of Athens 188 pilgrimage 143, 150 Pindar of Thebes 113, 151, 195 piracy 92 Piraeus [3] 100 Pistirus 122 Pithecusae [3] 80–1, 228 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Pixodarus the Carian 70, 73, 263 Plataea [1] 59, 189, 192 Plato of Athens 5, 28, 74, 126, 144, 205, 211, 280 Plautus 26 Plutarch of Chaeroneia 309 polarity 1–2, 5, 8, 31, 157, 162, 190–4, 196, 279 polis 8, 259, 277, 292–8, 310, 312, 313 Polycrates of Samos 132 Polydamas the Thessalian 52 Polyphemus 147 Pontecagnano [4] 105 Pontus [8] 310 Poseidon 304 Poseidonia [4] 105, 109, 110, 113 Posideion 268 post-colonialism 2 Potidaea [1] 126 Priam 195 Priene [7] 45, 307 Prinias 215 proscynesis 157, 273 proxenia 98, 127, 136, 137, 259, 295 Psammenitus the Egyptian 200 Psammetichus I the Egyptian 43, 97, 134, 157 Psammetichus II the Egyptian 44, 45 Ptah 253, 308 Ptolemaic dynasty 282, 284, 305, 309, 312, 314, 315, 317 Pylaemenes 130 Pyramids 155 Pyrgi [3] 95–6 Pythagoras of Samos 209, 211 Qos 289 racism 2, 3 reference 25, 164, 170, 209, 215 religion 29, 44, 60, 87, 94, 116, 143–5, 150–1, 159–60, 192, 208, 212–14, 252, 253, 270, 288, 296, 304, 311, 312, 314 Rheboulas the Thracian 101 Rhesus 126, 167 Rhodes [1] 71, 79, 81, 98, 100, 151, 215, 256, 303 Rhodopis the Thracian 100 Rhoecus of Samos 233 Rhosos [8] 304 Rogozen [3] 124 Romanisation 245 Rome [4] 16, 24, 25, 36, 84, 131, 164, 184, 202, 227, 245–6, 247, 280, 301, 304, 317–19, 320, 330 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information Index Sadocus the Thracian 137 Said, E. 2 sailors 92, 140, 147, 169 Sais [2] 98, 212 Salamis [1] 2, 58–9, 188, 192 Salmydessus [5] 177 Samos [1] 48, 63, 91, 100, 210, 233, 249 San Mauro Forte [4] 87 sanctuaries 39, 94, 95, 99, 100, 107, 257, 264, 271, 290, 304, 309, 310, 314 Sappho of Lesbos 176 Sarapis 290, 304, 307, 309, 318 sarcophagi 44, 254, 267, 271 Sardis [7] 18, 54, 177, 249, 251–2, 298, 299, 301 Sarpedon 172, 260 satraps 47, 69, 253, 258, 263, 268 scarabs 99, 240, 241 Scione [1] 201 Scolotians 115 Scylax of Caryanda 218 Scyles the Scythian 114, 133, 138, 207 Scyros [1] 68 Scythia [5] 14, 49, 53, 61, 85, 89, 114, 115, 117, 134, 138, 148, 158–9, 175, 178, 188, 191, 202, 206, 236 seals 248 seers 85 Segesta [4] 85, 106, 107, 231, 234 Selene 159 Seleucid dynasty 282, 295, 312 Selinous [4] 106–7 Senoucheri the Egyptian 287 Serdaioi 41, 113 Seuthes the Thracian 66, 123, 127, 133, 138 shipwrecks 91 Sicels 108, 228 Sicily [4] 9, 39, 90, 105–10, 230 Side [7] 87, 269, 304 Sidon [3] 70, 89, 90, 101, 299, 303 Sigeion [6] 133 Simonides of Ceos 189 Sindoi [5] 116 Sinope [5] 94, 183, 201 Siris [4] 104, 120 Sitalces the Thracian 123, 142 Siwa [3] 143, 150, 159 slavery 5, 13, 51, 87–9, 100, 124–5, 130, 134, 143, 172, 177, 181, 191, 295, 304, 307, 314, 317, 318 Smyrna [1] 176 Sobek 288 Socrates of Athens 5 Soloi [7] 268, 298 391 Solokha [3] 236 Solon of Athens 208, 211 Sophocles of Athens 127, 162 Sostratus of Aegina 85 Sparta [1] 54, 56, 58, 61, 65, 67, 70, 121, 132, 135, 149, 157, 194, 202, 203, 208, 216, 313 Spartocid dynasty 116 Spartocus of Panticapaion 116 Spina [3] 40, 96–7 Spithridates the Persian 67 statues 45, 51, 52, 70, 99, 151, 155, 232, 252, 257, 259, 263, 264, 302, 312 stelae 92, 94, 107, 115, 129, 236, 249, 253, 268 Stone, O. 1 Straton of Sidon 70, 101, 271 Stratoniceia [8] 293 Stratonicus of Athens 87 Strouthas the Persian 47 Sumerian language 164 Susa [2] 47, 50, 148, 295 Sybaris [4] 40, 112, 180 Syloson of Samos 48 Symmachus of Pellana 85 symposion 92, 138, 237 synagogues 314 synoecism 258 Syracuse [4] 84, 89, 103, 107, 108, 208, 269 Syria 8, 9, 41, 49, 51, 78, 81, 89, 101, 146, 148, 215, 243, 244, 281, 289, 304, 308, 312 Tanit 135 Taras [4] 40 Tarquinia [4] 94, 131, 237 Tarquinius Priscus 131 Tarsos [7] 23, 269 Tartessus [3] 85 taxation 89, 204, 285 Tegea [1] 70 Telephus 175, 290 temples 17, 26, 107, 145, 215, 232, 257, 265, 271, 294, 295, 296 Ten Thousand, the 67, 87, 127, 140–2, 221, 277 Teos 100 Terence 318 Teres the Thracian 127 Tereus 127 textualisation 30–1, 168–70, 180–6, 221 Thales of Miletus 4–7, 10 Thasos [6] 88, 120, 122, 145 Theangela [8] 87, 291 theatres 292, 295, 296, 298 Thebes [1] 29, 56, 67, 72, 151, 195, 300 Thefarie Velianas of Caere 95 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76468-1 - Greeks and Barbarians Kostas Vlassopoulos Index More information 392 Index Themistocles of Athens 19, 46, 48, 52, 58 Theodectes of Phaselis 71 Theodorus of Athens 256 Theopompus of Chios 71 Thera [1] 309 Thermopylae [1] 1, 57–8 thesauroi 40, 97, 107, 113 Thessalus of Athens 73 Thessaly 56, 57, 89 Thoth 212, 306, 315 Thourioi [4] 85 Thrace [6] 5, 9, 17, 53, 54, 61, 73, 82, 85, 87, 89, 90, 100, 101, 116, 119–28, 134, 136, 138, 142, 144, 145, 149, 151, 171, 177, 178, 182, 188, 192, 201, 202, 212, 231, 286, 288, 302, 303, 308 Thucydides of Athens 34, 82, 123, 127, 149, 192, 263 timber 120 Timotheus of Miletus 192, 253 Timpone della Motta 113 Tiribazus the Persian 23, 132, 268, 270 Tissaphernes the Persian 46, 66, 67, 222 Tlos [7] 256 Tolstaya Mogila [3] 236 tombs 92, 94, 105, 111, 117, 121, 155, 247, 259, 262, 264, 287 tragedy 2, 37, 71, 75, 110, 310, 316 Tralleis [8] 293 translation 25, 27, 95, 146, 160, 165, 168, 216, 223, 290, 305, 308, 309, 311, 315 tribute 114 Troilus 147, 263 Trojan War 34, 61, 76, 154, 171, 191, 193, 194, 264 Trysa [7] 267 Turan 95 Tydeus 95 Tymnes the Carian 101 Tymnes the official 207 tyranny 42, 46, 53, 60, 74, 176 Tyre [3] 76, 101, 195, 303, 304, 312 Tyriaion [8] 294 © in this web service Cambridge University Press Ugarit 244 Uni 95 universality 157–8, 172, 182, 210, 308, 328 Uruk [8] 287 Utopia 206 Uzbekistan 51 vases 13, 21, 78, 80, 87, 92, 97, 105, 111, 139, 147, 161, 178, 187, 194, 216, 237, 250, 261 Veneti 96 Vetren [3] 122 Virgil 28, 165 Wahibre-em-achet the Egyptian 44, 135 warfare 18, 56–7, 65, 67, 77, 126 West 1, 20 West, M. 3, 162, 321 wine 91, 120, 149, 156, 177, 210 wisdom literature 168, 203 writing 78, 92, 107, 296 Xanthes of Samos 100 Xanthos [7] 24, 85, 93, 257, 263, 299 Xanthus the Lydian 185, 207 Xeinagoras of Halicarnassus 48 Xenia 90, 131–2 Xenophanes of Colophon 182 Xenophantus of Athens 196 xenophobia 141 Xenophon of Athens 28, 67, 88, 127, 133, 140, 169, 204, 221–2, 277 Xerxes the Persian 48, 53, 55, 58, 154 Yauna 49, 51 Zalmoxis 126 Zenon the Cretan 52 Zeus 70, 100, 151, 152, 159, 161, 252, 257, 264, 294, 304, 312 Zopyrus the Persian 101 Zoroaster 207, 305 www.cambridge.org