| Prunus serotina | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Flowers and leaves | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Prunus |
| Subgenus: | Padus[1] |
| Species: | P. serotina |
| Binomial name | |
| Prunus serotina Ehrh. |
|
| File:Prunus serotina range map.jpg | |
Prunus serotina, commonly called black cherry, wild black cherry, rum cherry, or mountain black cherry, is a woody plant species belonging to the genus Prunus. This cherry is native to eastern North America: from eastern Canada through southern Quebec and Ontario; south through the eastern United States to Texas and central Florida; with disjunct populations in Arizona and New Mexico; and in the mountains of Mexico and Guatemala.[2][3]
Contents |
Description [link]
The black cherry is a species in the subgenus Padus and is a deciduous tree growing to 15–30 m tall with a trunk diameter of up to 70–120 cm, occasionally more, with flowers in racemes. The leaves are simple, 6–14 cm long, with a serrated margin. The flowers are small (10–15 mm diameter), with five white petals and about 20 stamens, and are fragrant; there are around 40 flowers on each raceme. The species epithet, serotina, means "late,"[4] and refers to the tree flowering later in the season than many other cherry species. The fruit is a drupe, 1 cm diameter, green to red at first, ripening black; it is usually astringent and bitter when eaten fresh, but also somewhat sweet. The fruit is readily eaten by birds.[2][5]
A mature black cherry can easily be identified in a forest by its very broken, dark grey to black bark, which has the appearance of very thick, burnt potato chips. However, for about the first decade or so of its life, the bark resembles that of a birch, and is thin and striped. It can also quickly be identified by its long, shiny leaves resembling that of a sourwood, and by an almond-like odor when a young twig is scratched and held close to the nose.[6][7]
Subspecies [link]
There are two subspecies:[8]
- Prunus serotina subsp. serotina - Canada, United States
- Prunus serotina subsp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh - Mexico, Guatemala
The typical subsp. serotina is sometimes further divided into four varieties, var. serotina in the east of the range, var. eximia in Texas, and vars. rufula and virens in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.[3]
Black cherry is closely related to the chokecherry (Prunus virginiana); chokecherry, however, is classified as a shrub or small tree and has smaller and less glossy leaves.
Ecology and cultivation [link]
Prunus serotina is a pioneer species. In the Midwest, it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other sunlight-loving species, such as black walnut, black locust, and hackberry. It is a moderately long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is prone to storm damage with branches breaking easily; any decay resulting, however, only progresses slowly.[2] It is well known to proliferate in the Allegheny National Forest region of northwest Pennsylvania.
P. serotina is also a host of caterpillars of various Lepidoptera (see List of Lepidoptera which feed on Prunus). The eastern tent caterpillar defoliates entire groves some springs.
P. serotina was widely introduced into Central Europe as an ornamental tree[9] in the mid 20th century,[10][11] where it has become locally naturalized.[9] It has acted as an invasive species there, negatively affecting forest community biodiversity and regeneration.[12]
Biochemistry [link]
Like apricots, the seeds of black cherries contain compounds that can be converted into cyanide, such as amygdalin.[13][14] These compounds release hydrogen cyanide when the seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down the compounds. These enzymes include amygdalin beta-glucosidase, prunasin beta-glucosidase and mandelonitrile lyase.[15] In contrast, although the flesh of cherries also contain these compounds, they do not contain the enzymes needed to produce cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.[16]
The foliage, particularly when wilted, contains cyanogenic glycosides, which convert to hydrogen cyanide if eaten by animals.[5] Farmers are recommended to remove any trees that fall in a field containing livestock, because the wilted leaves could poison the animals. Removal is not always practical though, because they often grow in very large numbers on farms, taking advantage of the light brought about by mowing and grazing. Entire fencerows can be lined with this poisonous tree, making it difficult to monitor all the branches falling into the grazing area. Black cherry is a leading cause of livestock illness, and it's best to ensure grazing animals' pasture has limited access to it.
Uses [link]
The fruit of Prunus serotina is suitable for making jam, cherry pies and has some use in flavoring liqueurs; they are also a popular flavoring for sodas and used in many ice creams. The black cherry is commonly used instead of sweet cherries (Prunus avium) to achieve a sharper taste. It is also used in cakes which include dark chocolate, such as a Black Forest gateau and as garnishes cocktails.[citation needed]
The wood of P. serotina is also used for cooking and smoking foods, where it imparts a unique flavor.
P. serotina timber is valuable; perhaps the premier cabinetry timber of the U.S., traded as "cherry". It is known for its strong red color and high price. Its density when dried is around 580 kg per cubic meter.[17]
P. serotina trees are sometimes planted ornamentally.
References [link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Prunus serotina |
- ^ Rehder, A. 1940, reprinted 1977. Manual of cultivated trees and shrubs hardy in North America exclusive of the subtropical and warmer temperate regions. Macmillan publishing Co., Inc, New York.
- ^ a b c Marquis, D. A. (undated). U.S. Forest Service Silvics Manual: Prunus serotina Ehrh. - Black Cherry
- ^ a b USDA Plants Profile: NCRS: Prunus serotina
- ^ Stearn, W.T. (1992). Botanical Latin: History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary, Fourth edition. David and Charles.
- ^ a b Missouriplants: Prunus serotina
- ^ https://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:9zzDVtMGlVwJ:www.deq.louisiana.gov/portal/LinkClick.asp
- ^ https://www.cnr.vt.edu/DENDRO/dendrology/lab2.cfm?t1=1&t2=2&t3=128&t4=44&t5=35&t6=47&t7=48&t8=94&t9=99&t10=103&t11=111&t12=36&t13=66
- ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Prunus serotina
- ^ a b Flora of NW Europe: Prunus serotina
- ^ Starfinger U. 1997. Introduction and naturalization of Prunus serotina in Central Europe. In: “Plant Invasions: Studies from North America and Europe” (eds by J.H. Brock, M. Wade, P.Pysek, D. Green). Backhuys Publ. Leiden: 161-171.
- ^ Kalina M. Nowakowska, Aleksandra Halarewicz (2006). "Coleoptera found on neophyte Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) within forest community and open habitat". Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, Biology, Volume 9, Issue 1.. https://www.ejpau.media.pl/articles/volume9/issue1/art-05.pdf.
- ^ Stypiński P. 1979. Stanowiska czeremchy amerykańskiej Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Borkh. w lasach państwowych Pojezierza Mazurskiego. Rocznik dendrologiczny. 32: 191-204.
- ^ Poulton JE (1988). "Localization and catabolism of cyanogenic glycosides". Ciba Foundation symposium 140: 67–91. PMID 3073063.
- ^ Swain E, Poulton JE (October 1994). "Utilization of Amygdalin during Seedling Development of Prunus serotina". Plant physiology 106 (2): 437–445. DOI:10.1104/pp.106.2.437. PMC 159548. PMID 12232341. https://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12232341.
- ^ Yemm RS, Poulton JE (June 1986). "Isolation and characterization of multiple forms of mandelonitrile lyase from mature black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) seeds". Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 247 (2): 440–5. DOI:10.1016/0003-9861(86)90604-1. PMID 3717954.
- ^ Swain E, Li CP, Poulton JE (April 1992). "Development of the Potential for Cyanogenesis in Maturing Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) Fruits". Plant physiology 98 (4): 1423–1428. DOI:10.1104/pp.98.4.1423. PMC 1080367. PMID 16668810. https://www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16668810.
- ^ Niche Timbers Cherry
https://wn.com/Prunus_serotina
Black Cherry
Black Cherry may refer to:
General
Music
Albums
Songs
Other Musical
Riho
Riho (里歩 Riho, born June 4, 1997) is a Japanese professional wrestler and idol. She was trained by Emi Sakura and debuted for her Ice Ribbon promotion in May 2006, at the age of nine. She would work for the promotion for the next six years, becoming the its first Triple Crown Champion, having won the ICE×60 Championship, the International Ribbon Tag Team Championship and the Triangle Ribbon Championship once each. She also became a DDT Jiyugaoka Six-Person Tag Team, DDT Nihonkai Six-Man Tag Team and UWA World Trios Champion, unifying the three titles in July 2010, teaming with The Great Kojika and Mr. #6. Riho left Ice Ribbon in September 2012 to join Gatoh Move Pro Wrestling, a new promotion founded by Emi Sakura, who had left Ice Ribbon the previous January. In November 2014, Riho won the IWA Triple Crown Championship.
Professional wrestling career
Ice Ribbon (2006–2012)
In 2006, when Riho was only nine years old and still in elementary school, she and her three years older sister Seina began training professional wrestling under Emi Sakura at her Ice Ribbon dojo. She made her debut in an exhibition match against Nanae Takahashi on May 29, 2006 in Shinagawa, Tokyo. On July 25, Riho made her debut for Ice Ribbon at the promotion's third ever event, defeating Makoto. Riho's first year in professional wrestling consisted mainly of matches with Emi Sakura, Hikari Minami and Seina. In March 2008, Riho and Seina faced each other in a four match series, which Riho won 3–1.
Black Cherry (Kumi Koda album)
Black Cherry is Kumi Koda's fifth studio album and first original album since secret (2005). It charted at #1 on Oricon, continuing the artist's streak, stayed at the ranking for one month and remained on the charts for sixty weeks. It was released in CD, CD+DVD and CD+2DVD with the latter being a limited edition that carried her movie debut Cherry Girl. The entire film's score was from the album.
Cherry Girl (film) was produced by the same team who created the drama ブスの瞳に恋してる (Busu no Hitomi ni Koishiteru / In Love with the Eyes of an Ugly Girl), which Koda Kumi had performed the theme, Koi no Tsubomi (2006). ミルクティー (Miruku Tii / Milk Tea) was the first time Koda Kumi wrote and composed a song that was featured on an album. The "Introduction" on the album was given a full version, Black Cherry, on her 2008 album, Kingdom.
First Press editions of the album (all editions) carried three bonus tracks: the "English Version" of Twinkle feat. Show Luo (the original "Japanese Version" was on the Amazing Nuts! soundtrack), the 2006 theme for the Crayon Shin-chan film GO WAY!!, and the "Red Cherry Version" of WON'T BE LONG (originally with Koda Kumi and EXILE). It also contained an access code to Koda Kumi's playroom, a chance to win album goods and the "Premium Making" of the music videos on the DVD.
Black Cherry (Goldfrapp album)
Black Cherry is the second studio album by English electronic music duo Goldfrapp, released in the United Kingdom on 28 April 2003 by Mute Records to generally positive reviews. Many critics complimented its blend of retro and modern electropop music, which was a departure from the ambient sound of their début album.Black Cherry was a top twenty album in Goldfrapp's native United Kingdom, and its second single "Strict Machine" was a top twenty single. It earned the band a nomination for Best British Dance Act at the 2004 BRIT Awards. The album was supported by the 2003–04 Black Cherry Tour.
The album represented a change in Goldfrapp's musical style, featuring glam rock and synthpop music; inspirations were Spanish disco group Baccara and Swedish techno artist Håkan Lidbo. In August 2005, the album was certified platinum in the UK, and had sold nearly 500,000 copies worldwide as of May 2005.
Recording and production
The duo wrote three songs while touring in support of their début album Felt Mountain but decided to take their work in a different direction with more rhythmic music. Goldfrapp chose to record in a studio in a Bohemian area of Bath, England because they needed somewhere to put their equipment and start working. The band began working on the album in January 2002 with a list of songs they wanted to try to record, such as a disco song with only string instruments. The studio's walls were covered in neon lights and Alison Goldfrapp used them to write down her song ideas. They recorded early demos and worked on pre-production using a Yamaha 02R digital mixing console. Goldfrapp held jam sessions with Mark Linkous and Adrian Utley and, after they built momentum writing the album, decided not to move to another studio.
Black Cherry (Rachel Stamp song)
"Black Cherry" is a single by London glam rock band, Rachel Stamp. This single was the band's only single release via Pure Stirling and is the band's most successful single to date (reaching Number 71 on the UK Singles Chart in April 2002). The single was released across 2 CD Singles and a 7" Vinyl, with each release featuring exclusive B-sides. A promotional video for the single was filmed by Paul Harries and received a lot of airplay on Kerrang TV! and MTV2 in the UK.
CD 1 & 2
Released April 22, 2002
(CD SML 001 / CD SMLX 001)
CD 1 Track listing
CD 2 Track listing
7" Vinyl
Released April 29, 2002
(SML 001)
