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Ll/ll is a digraph which occurs in several natural languages.
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In English [link]
In English, ll represents the same sound as single l: /l/. The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or for etymological reasons, in latinisms.
Spanish and Galician [link]
Digraph considered since 1803 to be the fourteenth letter of the Spanish alphabet because of its representation of a palatal lateral articulation consonant phoneme. In great part of the Hispanic countries and regions it is pronounced as a "y", with central emission of air, and with the same variations of articulation. (definition by The Royal Academy of Spanish Language)
In official Galician spelling the ll combination stands for the phoneme /ʎ/ (palatal lateral approximant, a palatal /l/). However, nowadays most Spanish speakers, as well as some Galicians, pronounce ll the same as y (yeísmo). As a result, in most parts of Latin America as well as in many regions of Spain, Spanish speakers pronounce it /ʝ/ (voiced palatal fricative), while some other Latin Americans (especially Rioplatense speakers, and in Tabasco, Mexico) pronounce it /ʒ/ (voiced postalveolar fricative) or /ʃ/ (voiceless postalveolar fricative).
This digraph was considered a single letter in Spanish orthography, called elle. From 1803 it was collated after L as a separate entry, a practice now abandoned: in April 1994, a vote in the X Congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies ruled the adoption of the standard Latin alphabet collation rules, so that for purposes of collation the digraph ll is now considered a sequence of two characters.[1] The same is now true of the Spanish-language digraph ch. Hypercorrection leads some to wrongly capitalize it as a single letter (*"LLosa" instead of the official "Llosa"; "LLOSA" is the right form in full uppercase) as with the Dutch IJ. In handwriting, it is written as a ligature of two L's, with a distinct uppercase and lowercase form. An old ligature for Ll is known as the "broken L", which takes the form of a lowercase l with the top half shifted to the left, connected to the lower half with a thin horizontal stroke. This ligature is encoded in Unicode at U+A746 (uppercase) and U+A747 (lowercase).
Catalan [link]
In Catalan, ll represents the phoneme /ʎ/. For example, as in llengua "language" or "tongue", enllaç "linkage", "connection" or coltell "knife". In order to not confuse ll /ʎ/ with a geminated l /ll/, the ligature ŀl is used with the second meaning. For example, exceŀlent is the Catalan word for "excellent", from Latin excellente. In Catalan, l·l must occupy two spaces[citation needed], so the interpunct is placed in the narrow space between the two L: ĿL and ŀl. However, it is more common to write L·L and l·l, occupying three spaces; this practice is not correct although it's tolerated. L.L and l.l are incorrect and not accepted. See interpunct for more information.
Philippine languages [link]
While Philippine languages like Tagalog and Ilokano write ly or li in the spelling of Spanish loanwords, ll still survives in proper nouns. However, the pronunciation of ll is simply [lj] rather than [ʎ]. Hence the surnames Padilla and Villanueva are respectively pronounced [pɐˈdɪːlja] and [ˌbɪːljanuˈwɛːba].
Furthermore, in Ilokano ll represents a geminate alveolar lateral approximant /lː/, like in Italian.
Albanian [link]
In Albanian, L stands, as in Spanish, for the sound /l/, while Ll is pronounced as the velarized sound /ɫ/.
Welsh [link]
In Welsh, ll stands for a voiceless lateral fricative sound. The IPA signifies this sound as /ɬ/. This sound is very common in place names in Wales because it occurs in the word Llan, meaning "parish" or "church of Saint ...", for example, Llanelli, where the ll appears twice, or the invented place-name Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwyllllantysiliogogogoch, where the ll appears five times. These Welsh place names therefore very often bear simplified pronunciations in English (generally the ll sound being replaced by chl (the ch pronounced as in loch)). In dictionaries, LL is treated as a separate letter from L (e.g. lwc sorts before llaw).
Miscellanea [link]
In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, final -ll indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in /ɻ/, which is otherwise spelled -l.
In Central Alaskan Yup'ik and the Greenlandic language, ll stands for /ɬː/, and in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) it is glottalized /ˀl/.
See also [link]
References [link]
- ^ Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, official website.
- ^ Example of a book using the "ll" ligature
https://wn.com/Ll
Shall and will
Shall and will are two of the English modal verbs. They have various uses, including the expression of propositions about the future, in what is usually referred to as the future tense of English.
The traditional prescriptive grammar rule stated that, when expressing pure futurity (without any additional meaning such as desire or command), shall was to be used when the subject was in the first person (I or we), and will in other cases. In practice this rule is commonly not adhered to by any group of English speakers, and many speakers do not differentiate between will and shall when expressing futurity, with the use of will being much more common and less formal than shall. In many specific contexts, however, a distinction still continues.
Shall is widely used in bureaucratic documents, especially documents written by lawyers. Due to heavy misuse, its meaning is vague and the US Government's Plain Language group advises writers not to use the word.
Etymology
The verb shall derives from Old English sceal. Its cognates in other Germanic languages include Old Norse skal, German soll, and Dutch zal; these all represent *skol-, the o-grade of Indo-European *skel-. All of these verbs function as auxiliaries, representing either simple futurity, or necessity or obligation.
