Hne
The hne (Burmese: နှဲ; also spelled hnè) is a conical shawm of double reed used in the music of Myanmar.
Etymology
The earliest extant written occurrence of the word hne dates to 1491 CE and is likely a Middle Mon loan word, derived from sanoy.
Description
The hne has a sixtuple reeds (called hnegan), made from the young leaf of the toddy palm, which is soaked for six months. The body of the hne is made of wood, with a conical bore and seven finger holes at the front, set in a straight line, with a bell (ချူ, chu) hung at the top. It has a flaring metal bell and has a loud tone, and is used in an ensemble together with xylophone, tuned gongs, and tuned drums. There are two distinct forms: the smaller form is called the hne galay (နှဲကလေး) whilst the larger is called the hne gyi (နှဲကြီး). The former is used for songs in the ordinary key of the diatonic major scale, while the latter is used for grand style songs in the subdominant mode.
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See also
Õhne
The Õhne (also known as Suislepa and Hoomuli River; Latvian: Omuļupe) is a 94 km (58 mi) long river in southern Estonia. Its source is Lake Veisjärv and mouth Lake Võrtsjärv, it also flows some kilometres in Latvia. The basin area of Õhne is 573 km². The towns of Tõrva, Vooru and Suislepa are situated on the Õhne River.
References
4-Hydroxynonenal
4-Hydroxynonenal, or 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal or 4-HNE or HNE, (C9H16O2), is an α,β-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal that is produced by lipid peroxidation in cells. 4-HNE is the primary alpha,beta-unsaturated hydroxyalkenal formed in this process.
4-HNE has 3 reactive groups: an aldehyde, a double-bond at carbon 2, and a hydroxy group at carbon 4.
It is found throughout animal tissues, and in higher quantities during oxidative stress due to the increase in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction, due to the increase in stress events.
4-HNE has been hypothesized to play a key role in cell signal transduction, in a variety of pathways from cell cycle events to cellular adhesion.
History
The first characterization of 4-hydroxynonenal was reported by Esterbauer, et al. in 1991, and since then the amount of research involving this chemical has been steadily increasing, with entire issues of relatively high-impact journals such as Molecular Aspects of Medicine and Free Radical Biology and Medicine devoting volumes to 4-HNE-centered publications.
