Cox (surname)

The surname Cox is of English or Welsh origin, and may have originated independently in several places in Great Britain, with the variations arriving at a standard spelling only later. There are also two native Irish surnames which were anglicised into Cox.

An early record of the surname dates from 1556 with the marriage of Alicea Cox at St. Martin in the Fields, Westminster, London. Cox is the 69th-most common surname in the United Kingdom.

Origin

One possibility of the origin is that it is a version of the Old English cocc which means "the little", and was sometimes put after the name of a leader or chieftain as a term of endearment. Surnames such as Wilcox, Willcocks and Willcox are examples of this practice: all are composed of the name William and the archaic word cocc, coming together to mean "little William". The suggestion is that only the element -cox may have endured as a surname for some families.

Another opinion is that the name is derived from the Old English cock, which means a "heap" or "mound", and was a topographic name for a man living near any heap, hill or other bundle. Names like Haycock or Haycox come from such practice, meaning from "the hay mounds" or "the hay fields". Again, the element -cox may have only been carried on in some families.

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2, also known as cytochrome c oxidase polypeptide II, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MT-CO2 gene.

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit II, abbreviated COXII, COX2, COII, or MT-CO2, is the second subunit of cytochrome c oxidase.

Structure

Cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) is an oligomeric enzymatic complex which is a component of the respiratory chain and is involved in the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen. In eukaryotes this enzyme complex is located in the mitochondrial inner membrane; in aerobic prokaryotes it is found in the plasma membrane. The enzyme complex consists of 3-4 subunits (prokaryotes) to up to 13 polypeptides (mammals). In Leigh's disease, there may be an abnormality or deficiency of cytochrome oxidase.

Function

Subunit 2 (COII) transfers the electrons from cytochrome c to the catalytic subunit 1. It contains two adjacent transmembrane regions in its N-terminus and the major part of the protein is exposed to the periplasmic or to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, respectively. COII provides the substrate-binding site and contains a copper centre called Cu(A) (see IPR001505), probably the primary acceptor in cytochrome c oxidase. An exception is the corresponding subunit of the cbb3-type oxidase which lacks the copper A redox-centre. Several bacterial COII have a C-terminal extension that contains a covalently bound haem c.

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2

Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) (The HUGO official symbol is PTGS2; HGNC ID, HGNC:9605), also known as cyclooxygenase-2 or COX-2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGS2 gene. Because the "COX" term is used for the stem symbol for "cytochrome c oxidase" family of genes and gene products including proteins, the "PTGS" symbol is used for the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) family of genes and proteins. It is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2, an important precursor of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2, among others.

History

PTGS2 (COX-2) was discovered in 1991 by the Daniel Simmons laboratory at Brigham Young University.

Function

PTGS2 (COX-2), converts arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin endoperoxide H2. PGHSs are targets for NSAIDs and PTGS2 (COX-2) specific inhibitors called coxibs. PGHS-2 is a sequence homodimer. Each monomer of the enzyme has a peroxidase and a PTGS (COX) active site. The PTGS (COX) enzymes catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins in a two steps. First, hydrogen is abstracted from carbon 13 of arachidonic acid, and then two molecules of oxygen are added by the PTGS2 (COX-2), giving PGG2. Second, PGG2 is reduced to PGH2 in the peroxidase active site. The synthesized PGH2 is converted to prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2, PGF_2α), prostacyclin (PGI2), or thromboxane A2 by tissue-specific isomerases.(Figure 2)

Son

A son is a male offspring; a boy or man in relation to his parents. The female counterpart is a daughter.

Social issues regarding sons

In pre-industrial societies and some current countries with agriculture-based economies, a higher value was, and still is, assigned to sons rather than daughters, giving males higher social status, because males were physically stronger, and could perform farming tasks more effectively.

In China, a One-child Policy is in effect in order to address rapid population growth. Official birth records have shown a rise in the level of male births since the policy was brought into law. This has been attributed to a number of factors, including the illegal practice of sex-selective abortion and widespread under-reporting of female births.

In patrilineal societies, sons will customarily inherit an estate before daughters.

In some cultures, the eldest son has special privileges. For example, in Biblical times, the first-born male was bequeathed the most goods from their father. Some Japanese social norms involving the eldest son are: "that parents are more likely to live with their eldest child if their eldest child is a son" and "that parents are most likely to live with their eldest son even if he is not the eldest child".

Soná

Soná may refer to:

Son (film)

Son is a 2008 short film starring Nathalie Press. Financed and commissioned by Sony Vaio it was a branded content short that would become Viao’s first branded content film. It went on to win multiple awards including Best Film at Edinburgh International Film Festival and Best Film at Slamdance Film Festival, becoming both a commercial hit and critical success for Sony Vaio.

Plot

Branded Content

Sony Vaio commissioned three artists: musicians Plan B, DJ Norman Jay and filmmaker Daniel Mulloy to each create branded pieces of content for Sony Vaio.

Son was commissioned as a marketing tool for the Sony Vaio computer and actress Nathalie Press was cast in the lead role. In the filmmaker's hands a narrative was created in which the relationship with Sony Vaio became more subliminal to audiences than traditional product placement.

After winning Slamdance Film Festival Son was invited to become one of the first short films to feature on YouTube's newly opened Screening Room. Son's subsequent success led YouTube to promote Son on its US home-page as a featured video.