Zygaenidae
Five-spot Burnet moth, Zygaena trifolii
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
(unranked):	Apoditrysia
Superfamily:	Zygaenoidea
Family:	Zygaenidae Latreille, 1809
Subfamilies
Callizygaeninae Chalcosiinae Phaudinae Procridinae Zygaeninae

Larva showing warning colours, flattening

Zygaena carniolica

The Zygaenidae moths are a family of Lepidoptera. The majority of zygaenids are tropical, but they are nevertheless quite well represented in temperate regions. There are about 1000 species. Various species are commonly known as Burnet or Forester moths, often qualified by the number of spots, although other families also have 'foresters'. They are also sometimes called Smoky moths.

All 43 species of Australian zygaenids are commonly known as foresters and belong to the tribe Artonini of the subfamily Procridinae. The only non-endemic species in Australia is Palmartona catoxantha, a Southeast Asian pest species which is believed to be already present in Australia or likely to arrive soon^[1]

Description [link]

Zygaenid moths are typically day-flying with a slow fluttering flight, and with rather clubbed antennae. They generally have a metallic sheen and often prominent spots of red or yellow. The bright colours are a warning to predators that the moths are distasteful - they contain hydrogen cyanide (HCN) throughout all stages of their life-cycle. Unlike most insects with such toxins, they obtain glucosides from feeding on Birds-foot Trefoil (Lotus) so that they, themselves can use HCN as a defense.^[2] However, they are capable of making HCN themselves, and when in an environment poor in cyanide-producing plants, synthesize it themselves, [1]. They are known to have mimicry complexes based on these toxins.^[3]

Larvae are stout and may be flattened. A fleshy extension of the thorax covers the head. Most feed on herbaceous plants, but there are some tree-feeders. Larvae in two subfamilies, Chalcosiinae and Zygaeninae, have cavities in which they store the cyanide, and can excrete it as defensive droplets.^[4]

Selected taxa [link]

Satin-green Forester, Pollanisus viridipulverulentus, found in most of Australia (including temperate Tasmania).

Genera incertae sedis include:

• Acoloithus
• Harrisina
• Pyromorpha
• Reissita
• Seryda
• Tetraclonia
• Triprocris

Pest species include:

• Almond-tree leaf skeletonizer moth (Aglaope infausta)
• Vine bud moth (Theresimima ampellophaga)
• Grapeleaf Skeletonizer (Harrisina americana)

10 Species are found in the UK:

• Scarce Forester (Adscita globulariae)
• Cistus Forester (Adscita geryon)
• Forester (Adscita statices)
• Scotch Burnet (Zygaena exulans)
• Slender Scotch Burnet (Zygaena loti)
• New Forest Burnet (Zygaena viciae)
• Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae)
• Five-spot Burnet (Zygaena trifolii)
• Narrow-bordered Five-spot Burnet (Zygaena lonicerae)
• Transparent Burnet (Zygaena purpuralis)

African species include:

• Fire Grid Burnet (Arniocera erythopyga)

Extinct species include:

• Neurosymploca? oligocenica Fernández-Rubio & Nel, 2000 (Lower Stampian, Céreste, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France)

• See also list of zygaenid genera

References [link]

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Zygaenidae

• List of Zygaenidae Types, p. 8-11 (Museum Witt München).
• Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa - Zygaenidae - lots of pictures of species
• Family Zygaenidae at Lepidoptera.pro
• Science News: Zygaenidae "make cyanide using the exact same cellular machinery as their host plants"