ZMA (factory)

ZMA (Russian: ЗМА, Завод малолитражных автомобилей) (Zavod Malolitrazhnykh Avtomobiley) is a Russian car maker located in Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan. It produced Oka micro-car under VAZ license. Most of the stock was owned by KamAZ, until March 2005, when SeverstalAvto bought the factory.

History

ZMA (in lang-ru | Завод малолитражных автомобилей (ЗМА), Zavod Malolitrajnykh Avtomobileï, "plant of small displacement engine cars") is a Russian manufacturer of small cars. It was created on the basis of Decree No. 575 of 21 June 1985 the Council of Ministers of the USSR, as a standalone company, a subsidiary of KamAZ . Its headquarters are in Naberezhnye Chelny (Tatarstan). The plant construction was completed in November 1987 and the first car - a 1111-КамАЗ "Кама" came off the assembly line Dec. 21, 1987.

The company was purchased in March 2005 by Severstal-Avto who decided to stop production of old models and convert the company into the assembly and production of cars on behalf of foreign automakers.

ZMA

ZMA may refer to:

ZMA (supplement)

ZMA (Zinc Monomethionine Aspartate, Magnesium Aspartate and Vitamin B6) is a supplement used primarily by athletes, gymnasts, and bodybuilders. It is most often used as a recovery aid; notably, studies show that ZMA helps the body achieve deeper levels of REM sleep. It was developed by Victor Conte (founder of BALCO Laboratories in Burlingame, California). ZMA claims to raise strength levels and may enhance hormonal profiles. The study most often used to support the hormone effects of ZMA is one done at Western Washington University. Dr. Lorrie Brilla (and a ZMA supplement manufacturer) studied 12 NCAA division II football players who took ZMA nightly during an eight-week spring training program and a separate group assigned a placebo pill. The athletes taking the ZMA had 2.5 times greater muscle strength gains than the placebo group; the ZMA group increased by 11.6 percent compared to only 4.6 percent in the placebo group. The ZMA group also had 30 percent increases in testosterone levels (compared to 10 percent in the placebo group). However, one of the scientists who conducted the study holds the registered trademark for the original formula of ZMA, and his company funded the research.

Factory

A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial site, usually consisting of buildings and machinery, or more commonly a complex having several buildings, where workers manufacture goods or operate machines processing one product into another.

Factories arose with the introduction of machinery during the Industrial Revolution when the capital and space requirements became too great for cottage industry or workshops. Early factories that contained small amounts of machinery, such as one or two spinning mules, and fewer than a dozen workers have been called "glorified workshops".

Most modern factories have large warehouses or warehouse-like facilities that contain heavy equipment used for assembly line production. Large factories tend to be located with access to multiple modes of transportation, with some having rail, highway and water loading and unloading facilities.

Factories may either make discrete products or some type of material continuously produced such as chemicals, pulp and paper, or refined oil products. Factories manufacturing chemicals are often called plants and may have most of their equipment – tanks, pressure vessels, chemical reactors, pumps and piping – outdoors and operated from control rooms. Oil refineries have most of their equipment outdoors.

Factory (trading post)

A factory (from Latin facere, meaning "to do"; Portuguese feitoria, Dutch factorij, French factorerie, German Faktorei) was an establishment for factors or merchants carrying on business in foreign lands. Initially established in parts of Medieval Europe, factories eventually spread to other parts of the world in the wake of European trading ventures and, in many cases, were precursor to colonial expansion. Factories could serve simultaneously as market, warehouse, customs, defense and support to navigation or exploration, headquarters or de facto government of local communities. The head of the factory was the chief factor.

In North America, this trading formula was adopted by colonists and later Americans to exchange goods with local non-Western societies, especially in Native American Indian territory. In that context, these establishments were often called trading posts.

European medieval factories

Although European colonialism traces its roots from the Classical Era – Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans established colonies around the Mediterranean – and almost every major city of the world once started as a trading post (Venice, Naples, Rotterdam, New York, Shanghai, Lisbon, etc.), "factories" were a unique institution born in medieval Europe.

Factory (band)

Factory was a band from Stockholm in Sweden, active between 1978–1982, scoring chart successes in Sweden during the late 1970s and 1980s.

Factory broke through in Sweden with the 1978 single Efter plugget 1978. The single was followed up by the album Factory. The band toured the Nordic Region in the late 1970s and early 1980s and also released the 1980 album Factory II.

During the 1990s, the band was reunited temporary touring with, among others, Magnum Bonum, Attack and Snowstorm.

Members

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

Maxisingles 12"

References