The Z22 was the seventh computer model Konrad Zuse developed (the first six being the Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5 and Z11, respectively). One of the early commercial computers, the Z22's design was finished about 1955. The major version jump from Z11 to Z22 was due to the use of vacuum tubes, as opposed to the electromechanical systems used in earlier models. The first machines built were shipped to Berlin and Aachen.
By the end of 1958 the ZMMD-group had built a working ALGOL 58 compiler for the Z22 computer. ZMMD was an abbreviation for Zürich (where Rutishauser worked), München (workplace of Bauer and Samelson), Mainz (location of the Z22 computer), Darmstadt (workplace of Bottenbruch).
In 1961 the Z22 was followed by a logically very similar transistorized version, the Z23.
The University of Applied Sciences, Karlsruhe still has an operational Z22 which is on permanent loan at the ZKM in Karlsruhe.
In the 1970s clones of the Z22 using TTL were built by the company Thiemicke Computer.
Technical data [link]
The typical setup of a Z22 was:
- 14 words of 38-bit RAM implemented as core memory
- 8192 word (38 KiB) magnetic drum storage
- punched card memory as bulk memory (input/output)
- 380V 16A three phase power supply
- 600 tubes working as flip-flops
- electrical cooling unit, needing a water tap connection (water cooling, so to say)
The Z22 operated at 3kHz operating frequency, which was synchronous with the speed of the drum storage. The input of data was not only possible via punch-card reader, but also by directly programming drum storage or core memory using pushbuttons. The Z22 also had glow-lamps which showed the memory- and machine state as output.
Programming [link]
The Z22 was designed to be easier to program than previous first generation computers. It was programmed in machine code with 38 bit instruction words, consisting of 5 fields:
- the first 2 bits must always be 10
- the next 5 bits contain a condition symbol
- the next 13 bits contain an operation symbol
- the next 5 bits contain a core memory address
- the next 13 bits contain a drum memory address
There also was an assembly-like programming language called "Freiburger Code". It was designed to make programming programs for solving mathematical problems easier than writing machine code, and reportedly did so.
External links [link]
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Computer
A computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem.
Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.
Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).
Computer (disambiguation)
A computer is a program machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format.
Computer may also refer to:
Human computer
The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613), meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic computers became commercially available. "The human computer is supposed to be following fixed rules; he has no authority to deviate from them in any detail." (Turing, 1950) Teams of people were frequently used to undertake long and often tedious calculations; the work was divided so that this could be done in parallel.
The first time the term "Computer" appeared in The New York Times was February 3, 1853; an obituary stated:
Since the end of the 20th century, the term "human computer" has also been applied to individuals with prodigious powers of mental arithmetic, also known as mental calculators.
Origins in astronomy
The approach was taken for astronomical and other complex calculations. Perhaps the first example of organized human computing was by the Frenchman Alexis Claude Clairaut (1713–1765), when he divided the computation to determine timing of the return of Halley's Comet with two colleagues, Joseph Lalande and Nicole-Reine Lepaute.
Z22
Z22 may refer to:
Z22 (handheld)
The Z22 was one of the first of Palm, Inc.'s handhelds to be released under the new "Palm" brand, and the first to be released without the "Zire" moniker. Released on October 12, 2005, it replaced the monochrome Zire 21, and was priced at $99 USD. The Palm Z22 came with Palm OS Garnet 5.4.9 preloaded and it is not upgradable. It featured a 200 MHz Samsung S3C2410 ARM processor developed around the 32-bit ARM920T core that implements the ARMv4T architecture. The Z22 ran on a li-ion battery that had a life of about 8 hours depending on usage.
Overview
Designed to be attractive to first-time users, the Palm Z22 included many of the basic applications made famous by the iconic Palm family of handheld PDAs. Positioned as an entry level PDA and priced below the $100 price mark it lacked pricy extras such as: a camera, an MP3 player, an expansion SD memory slot, etc.
It included a wall charger and a USB cable to trickle-charge through the USB interface when connected to a PC (so the wall-socket charger can be left at home). The Non-Volatile File System (NVFS), also known as NVRAM, ensured that data was never lost even if the battery was fully discharged.
