| Onoq "ten arrows" Western Turkic Khaganate |
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| Khaganate | ||||
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| Capital | Navekat (summer capital) Suyab (principal capital) |
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| Religion | Tengrism | |||
| Political structure | Khaganate | |||
| Historical era | Early Middle Ages | |||
| - Established | 593 | |||
| - Disestablished | 659 | |||
| History of Kazakhstan | |
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 This article is part of a series |
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| Ancient History | |
| Xiongnu Empire 209 BCE–216 CE | |
| Tele | |
| Xianbei Khaganate 160-380 | |
| Rouran Khaganate 330–555 | |
| Hunnic Empire 370-558 | |
| Kyrgyz Khaganate 550-1293 | |
| Göktürk Khaganate 552–744 | |
| Western Turkic Khaganate 593–659 | |
| Eastern Turkic Khaganate 593–744 | |
| Medieval History | |
| Xueyantuo Khaganate 631-646 | |
| Kangar union 659–750 | |
| Karluk Yabgu State 665-744 | |
| Uyghur Kaganate 742–848 | |
| Kimek Khaganate 743–1220 | |
| Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055 | |
| Kara-Khanid Khaganate 840–1212 | |
| Khwarezmid Empire 1077–1231 | |
| Kara-Khitan Khanate 1124–1218 | |
| Mongol Empire 1206–1368 | |
| Chagatai Khanate 1225–1687 | |
| Kipchak Khanate 1240–1502 | |
| White Horde 1396–1446 | |
| Nogai Horde 1440–1634 | |
| Kazakh Khanate 1456–1847 | |
| Modern History | |
| Zunghar Khanate 1678–1756 | |
| Russian Turkestan 1867–1918 | |
| Djadid Period 1918-1925 | |
| Kazakh ASSR 1925-1936 | |
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Kazakhstan Portal |
The Western Turkic Khaganate was formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593 – 603 AD) after the Göktürk Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in Northern Mongolia by the Ashina clan) had splintered into two polities – Eastern and Western.
The Western Turks initially sought friendly relations with the Byzantine Empire in order to expand their territory at the expense of their mutual enemy, the Sassanid Empire.[1]
The Western Turks were also known as the Onogurs or Onoghurs, from the proto-Turkic Onoq ("ten arrows"). An "arrow" was a name for one division of the Turkic tribes. The division now known as the Utigurs or Bulgars eventually migrated southwest and formed the Kingdom of Bulgaria in Moesia.
History [link]
For the origin of the Onoq two contradicting accounts are given:[2][3]
In the beginning [after 552], Shidianmi [Istämi] followed the Shanyu [Qaghan] and commanded the ten great chiefs. Together with their 100,000 soldiers, he marched to the Western Regions and subdued the barbarian statelets. There he declared himself as qaghan, under the title of ten tribes, and ruled them [the western barbarians] for generations.—Tongdian, 193 and Jiu Tangshu, 194
Soon [after 635], Dielishi Qaghan [of the Western Göktürks] divided his state into ten parts, and each was headed by one man, together they made up the ten she [shad]. Every she is given an arrow by him, thus they were known as the ten arrows. He also divided the ten arrows into two factions, each consisted of five arrows. The left [east] faction consisted of five Duoliu [Duolu] tribes, headed by five chuo [qur] separately. The right [west] faction consisted of five Nushibi (Ch. 弩失畢) tribes, headed by five sijin [irkin] separately. Each took command on one arrow and called themselves as the ten arrows. Thereafter, each arrow was also known as one tribe, and the great arrow head as the great chief. The five Duoliu tribes inhabited to east of Suiye [water] (Chu River), and the five Nushibi tribes to the west of it. Since then, they called themselves as the ten tribes.—Tongdian, 193 and Jiu Tangshu, 194
The first statement dates their origin back to the beginning of the First Turkic Qaghanate with Istämi, younger brother of Tumen, who had brought with him the ten tribes probably from the Eastern Qaghanate at Mongolia and left to the west to expand the Qaghanate. The exact date for the event was not recorded, and the shanyu here referred to might be Muhan Khan.
The second statement contributes it to Dielishi, who took over the throne in 635 and began to strengthen the state by further affirming the initial ten tribes and two tribal wings, in contrast with the rotation of rule between the Tumen (through Apa) and Istämi (through Tardu) lineages in the Western Qaghanate. Thereafter, the name "ten tribes" (十姓) became as a shortened address for the Western Turks in Chinese records. However it should be noted that those divisions did not include the five[4] major tribes, who were active further east of the ten tribes.[5][6]
The earlier tribes consisted of eight primary tribes ruled by ten chiefs-in-command, afterwards called the on (ten) oq (arrows) (十箭). They were the five[7] Duolu (咄陆) tribes, and the three[8] Nushipi (弩失毕) tribes. The relationships between the ten tribes and the ruling elites were divided into two groups. The more aristocratic Duolu tribes, who held the title qur, and the lower-rated Nushipi in west, who were probably initially made up of Tiele conscripts.[9][10] During the reformation the more powerful Nushipi tribes such as A-Xijie and Geshu were sub-divided into two tribal groups with a greater and lesser title under a fixed tribal name.
In 619 the Western Turks invaded Bactria but were repulsed in the course of the Second Perso-Turkic War. During the Third Perso-Turkic War Khagan Tung Yabghu and his nephew Böri Shad joined their forces with Emperor Heraclius and successfully invaded Transcaucasia.
The khaganate's capitals were Navekat (the summer capital) and Suyab (the principal capital), both situated in the Chui River valley of Kyrgyzstan, to the east from Bishkek. The khaganate was overrun by Tang Chinese forces under Su Dingfang in 658-659.[11]
See also [link]
- Onogurs
- Utigurs
- Bulgars
- Old Great Bulgaria
- Göktürks
- Oghuz Turks
- Turkic interregnum
- History of the Turks
- Timeline of Turks (500-1300)
References [link]
- ^ Twitchett, David. The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-521-21446-7. Page 223.
- ^ Xue, "A History of Turks", p. 271, 300.
- ^ Wang, "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab", p. 28.
- ^ 1. Chuyue (处月, later as Shato) 2. Chumi (处密) 3. Gusu (姑苏) 4. Bishi (畀失) 5. Qarluq.
- ^ Xue, "A History of Turks", p. 271, 273, 275, 300-301.
- ^ Wang, "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab", p. 29.
- ^ 1. Chumukun (处木昆) 2. Huluju (胡禄居) 3. Shesheti (摄舍提) 4. Tuqishi (突骑施) 5. Shunishi (鼠尼施).
- ^ 1. A-Xijie (阿悉结) 2. Geshu (哥舒) 3. Basegan (拔塞干).
- ^ Xue, "A History of Turks", p. 272, 314.
- ^ Wang, "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab", p. 30-31.
- ^ Hans J. Van de Ven. Warfare in Chinese History. Brill Academic Publishers, 2000. ISBN 90-04-11774-1. Page 118.
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Turkic Khaganate
The Turkic Khanate (552–744; Old Turkic: Türk xanlïqï, Chinese: 突厥汗国; pinyin: Tūjué hánguó) or Göktürk Khanate was a khanate established by the Ashina clan of the Göktürks in medieval Inner Asia. Under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, the Ashina succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the Mongolian Plateau and established a stronger empire, which rapidly expanded to rule huge territories in Central Asia. This khaganate interacted extensively with various dynasties based in North China, and for significant periods exercised considerable control over the lucrative Silk Road trade.
The first dynasty collapsed in 581, initiating a series of political conflicts and civil wars which fragmented the khanate in Eastern and Western factions, which were eventually subjugated by the Tang dynasty. A century later, a second, renewed, Turkic Khaganate emerged in 682 and lasted until 744, when it was overthrown by the Uyghurs.
