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In optics, a diaphragm is a thin opaque structure with an opening (aperture) at its center. The role of the diaphragm is to stop the passage of light, except for the light passing through the aperture. Thus it is also called a stop (an aperture stop, if it limits the brightness of light reaching the focal plane, or a field stop or flare stop for other uses of diaphragms in lenses). The diaphragm is placed in the light path of a lens or objective, and the size of the aperture regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens. The centre of the diaphragm's aperture coincides with the optical axis of the lens system.
Most modern cameras use a type of adjustable diaphragm known as an iris diaphragm, and often referred to simply as an iris.
See the articles on aperture and f-number for the photographic effect and system of quantification of varying the opening in the diaphragm.
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Iris diaphragms versus other types [link]
A natural optical system that has a diaphragm and an aperture is the human eye. The iris is the diaphragm, and the opening in the iris of the eye (the pupil) is the aperture. An analogous device in a photographic lens is called an iris diaphragm.
In the early years of photography, a lens could be fitted with one of a set of interchangeable diaphragms [1], often as brass strips known as Waterhouse stops or Waterhouse diaphragms. The iris diaphragm in most modern still and video cameras is adjusted by movable blades, simulating the iris of the eye.
The diaphragm usually has two to eight blades, depending on price and quality of the device in which it is used. Straight blades result in polygon shape of the diaphragm opening, while curved blades improve the roundness of the iris opening. In a photograph, the number of blades that the iris diaphragm has can be guessed by counting the number of spikes converging from a light source or bright reflection. For an odd number of blades, there are twice as many spikes as there are blades.
In case of an even number of blades, the two spikes per blade will overlap each other, so the number of spikes visible will be the number of blades in the diaphragm used. This is most apparent in pictures taken in the dark with small bright spots, for example night cityscapes. Some cameras, such as the Olympus XA or lenses such as the MC Zenitar-ME1, however, use a two-bladed diaphragm with right-angle blades creating a square aperture.
Similarly, out-of-focus points of light (circles of confusion) appear as polygons with the same number of sides as the aperture has blades. If the blurred light is circular, then it can be inferred that the aperture is either round or the image was shot "wide-open" (with the blades recessed into the sides of the lens, allowing the interior edge of the lens barrel to effectively become the iris).
The shape of the iris opening has a direct relation with the appearance of the blurred out-of-focus areas in an image called Bokeh. A rounder opening produces softer and more natural out-of-focus areas.
Some modern automatic point-and-shoot cameras do not have a diaphragm at all, and simulate aperture changes by using an automatic ND filter.[2] Unlike a real diaphragm, this has no effect on depth of field.
History [link]
In 1762, Leonhard Euler[4] says with respect to telescopes that, "it is necessary likewise to furnish the inside of the tube with one or more diaphragms, perforated with a small circular aperture, the better to exclude all extraneous light."
In 1867, Dr. Désiré van Monckhoven, in one of the earliest books on photographic optics,[5] draws a distinction betweens stops and diaphragms in photography, but not in optics, saying:
- "Let us see what takes place when the stop is removed from the lens to a proper distance. In this case the stop becomes a diaphragm.
- * In optics, stop and diaphragm are synonyms. But in photographic optics they are only so by an unfortunate confusion of language. The stop reduces the lens to its central aperture; the diaphragm, on the contrary, allows all the segments of the lens to act, but only on the different radiating points placed symmetrically and concentrically in relation to the axis of the lens, or of the system of lenses (of which the axis is, besides, in every case common)."
This distinction was maintained in Wall's 1889 Dictionary of Photography (see figure), but disappeared after Ernst Abbe's theory of stops unified these concepts.
According to Rudolph Kingslake,[6] the inventor of the iris diaphragm is unknown. Others credit Joseph Nicéphore Niépce for this device, around 1820. Mr. J. H. Brown, a member of the Royal Microscopical Society, appears to have invented a popular improved iris diaphragm by 1867.[7]
Kingslake has more definite histories for some other diaphragm types, such as M. Noton's adjustable cat eye diaphragm of two sliding squares in 1856, and the Waterhouse stops of John Waterhouse in 1858.
References [link]
- ^ Louis Derr, Photography for students of physics and chemistry London: The Macmillan Co., 1906
- ^ https://chdk.wikia.com/wiki/CameraFeatures
- ^ E. J. Wall, A Dictionary of Photography for the Amateur and Professional Photographer, New York: E. & H. T. Anthony & Co., 1889
- ^ Leonhard Euler, "Precautions to be used in the Construction of Telescopes. Necessitiy of blackening the Inside of Tubes. Diaphragms." 1762, in Letters of Euler on different subjects in physics and philosophy. Addressed to a German princess, Vol. II, Henry Hunter, D.D. (ed.), London, 1802,
- ^ Désiré van Monckhoven, Photographic Optics: Including the Description of Lenses and Enlarging Apparatus, English translation, London: Robert Hardwicke, 1867
- ^ Rudolf Kingslake, A History of the Photographic Lens, London: Academic Press, 1989
- ^ J. Henle, W, Keferstein, and G. Meissner, Bericht über die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie im Jahre 1867, Liepzip: C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, 1868.
See also [link]
https://wn.com/Diaphragm_(optics)
Iris (1987 film)
Iris is a 1987 Netherlands film directed by Mady Saks and starring Monique van de Ven.
Plot
A young woman, Iris, runs away to the big city on her eighteenth birthday. She moves in with an architect and decides to become a veterinarian. With an inheritance she buys an existing clinic in a backwoods town where Iris is leered at by the men, scorned by the women. Cruel jokes and gossip eventually lead to violence.A local thug breaks in her house while she is out. When she returns home late night, he attacks her, drag her to the wooden stairs, ties her hands, stretch her legs wide apart and ties to the railing of stairs and rapes her brutally.
References
External links
Iris (EP)
Iris is Miranda Sex Garden's second release, and first EP.
Track listing
Virus (LaFee song)
"Virus" is a song written by Bob Arnz and Gerd Zimmermann and recorded by German singer LaFee. It was released as the first single from LaFee's debut album LaFee. The single reached fourteen in both the German and Austrian Singles Charts when released in March 2006. An English version of the song, entitled "Scabies", later appeared on LaFee's third studio album Shut Up.
Track listing
Charts
References
Honigman
Honigman (Hebrew: הוניגמן) is an Israeli fashion company specializing in ladies fashion clothing. For children, a separate store Honigman Kids (Hebrew: הוניגמן קידס) exits alongside their sub-brand Virus, sold inside the Honigman Kids stores. Honigman is also the parent company to the teen fashion clothing brand, TNT.
Established in 1947, Honigman is one of Israel's largest clothing companies with its three brands, Honigman, Honigman Kids, and TNT, being sold in 150 stores across the country.
Spokesmodels
References
External links
Virus (automobile)
Virus was a French Automobile.
Pierre Brissonnet was the owner of the Garage Renouvier in the Rue de Renouvier in Paris. He built cyclecars between 1930 and 1935. Designer of the cars was a certain Renaud. The cars had front-wheel drive and an Two-stroke engine with 350 cc. The cars raced at the Bol d'Or.
Notes
References
Podcasts:
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by Lisa Loeb
Furious Rose
by: Lisa Loeb"it's not really poetry but it's pretty," he said.
as he raises his voice, she lowers her head.
"it make my heart heavy, you're lonely, i think.
oh rose, your're sad i suppose."
"Look in her bed and she's bound to be sleeping.
she's lying there dead - no, she's breathing."
furious rose, with your opiate eyes.
your languorous hum, that tone of surprise.
i've heard energy in adversity.
your smile: the soul of witchery.
you're not running away,
you're not running - are you?
lyrically longing, she's tearing the words from the page.
she's fearfully seething.
"bring me your blessings, a prayer, or a new pen.
- you don't know what i need."
"look in my bed and i'm bound to be sleeping,
i'm lying there dead, but i'm breathing.
and i'm barely balancing as it is,
and i don't want to drown in my dreams.
bring me wild plums and agrimony
- i bet you don't even no what that means."
furious rose, with your opiate eyes.
and your languorous hum, that tone of surprise.
i've heard the energy in adversity.
your smile: the soul of witchery.
you're not running away,
youre not running - are you?
gingerly peering, over his shoulder, removed herself from the room.