Umber

Umber is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide. It is darker than the other similar earth pigments, ochre and sienna.

In its natural form, it is called raw umber. When heated (calcinated), the color becomes more intense, and the color is known as burnt umber.

The name comes from terra di ombra, or earth of Umbria, the Italian name of the pigment. Umbria is a mountainous region in central Italy where the pigment was originally extracted. The word also may be related to the Latin word Umbra.

Umber is not one precise color, but a range of different colors, from medium to dark, from yellowish to reddish to grayish. The color of the natural earth depends upon the amount of iron oxide and manganese in the clay. Umber earth pigments contain between five and twenty percent manganese oxide, which accounts for their being a darker color than yellow ochre or sienna. Commercial colors vary depending upon the manufacturer or the color list. Not all umber pigments contain natural earths; some contain synthetic iron and manganese oxide, indicated on the label. Pigments containing the natural umber earths indicate them on the label as PBr7 (Pigment brown 7), following the Colour Index International system.

Šumber

Šumber (Italian: Sumber, Sumberg, Casali Sumberesi) is a village and ruinous castle in the Eastern part of Istria County, Croatia, in the municipality of Sveta Nedelja. In 2011, the population of the village is 381.

Description

It is located in the Eastern part of Istria, on the local road L50123, 5 km north-west from village and municipal center Nedešćina, 10 km from Labin, and 8 km west from Kršan.

Castle history

The castle was built at the site of the prehistoric hillfort in the former village Stari Grad (Old Town). The site was first mentioned in documents in 872, and in 950 when Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porfirogenet confirmed the presence of Slavs in these villages. In 1260, has passed into the possession of vassals of the Counts of Gorizia, the Austrian noble family Schönberg by which it got its name. Among the signatories of the peace treaty in 1274 between the Aquleia patriarch Raimondo della Torre and the Count of Gorizia Albert I, there was Teodorich de Sumberg. As a vassal of Gorizia Count Albert III, Dietrich von Schonberg in 1341 attack and plundered the countryside of Venetian Motovun. Since 1367, when counts of Gorizia became extinct, was inherited by Habsburg family and was part of the Pazin County.

Umber (disambiguation)

Umber is a brown or reddish-brown earth pigment.

Umber may also refer to:

See also