Typhus

Typhus is any of several similar diseases caused by Rickettsia bacteria. The name comes from the Greek typhos (τύφος) meaning smoky or hazy, describing the state of mind of those affected with typhus. The causative organism Rickettsia is an obligate intracellular parasitic bacterium that cannot survive for long outside living cells. It is transmitted to humans via external parasites such as lice, fleas and ticks. While "typhoid" means "typhus-like", typhus and typhoid fever are distinct diseases caused by different genera of bacteria.

Signs and symptoms

The following signs/symptoms refer to epidemic typhus as it is the most important of the typhus group of diseases.

Signs and symptoms begin with sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and other flu-like symptoms about 1–3 weeks after being infected. Five to nine days after the symptoms have started, a rash typically begins on the trunk and spreads out to the extremities. This rash will eventually spread over the entire body, sparing the face, palms, and soles. Signs of meningoencephalitis begin with the rash and continue into the 2nd or 3rd weeks. Other signs of meningoencephalitis include sensitivity to light (photophobia), altered mental status (delirium), or coma. If left untreated, one may eventually die.

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Typhon

Typhon (/ˈtaɪfɒn, -fən/; Greek: Τυφῶν, Tuphōn [typʰɔ̂ːn]), also Typhoeus (/taɪˈfiːəs/; Τυφωεύς, Tuphōeus), Typhaon (Τυφάων, Tuphaōn) or Typhos (Τυφώς, Tuphōs), was the most fearsome monster of Greek mythology. The last son of Gaia, fathered by Tartarus, Typhon was, with his mate Echidna, the father of many famous monsters.

In Greek myth

Birth

According to Hesiod's Theogony (c. 8th – 7th century BC), Typhon was the son of Gaia (Earth) and Tartarus: "when Zeus had driven the Titans from heaven, huge Earth bore her youngest child Typhoeus of the love of Tartarus, by the aid of golden Aphrodite". The mythographer Apollodorus (1st or 2nd century AD) adds that Gaia bore Typhon in anger at the gods for their destruction of her offspring the Giants.

Numerous other sources mention Typhon as being the offspring of Gaia, or simply "earth-born", with no mention of Tartarus. However, according to the Homeric Hymn to Apollo (6th century BC), Typhon was the child of Hera alone. Hera, angry at Zeus for having given birth to Athena by himself, prayed to Gaia to give her a son as strong as Zeus, then slapped the ground, and became pregnant. Hera gave the infant Typhon to the serpent Python to raise, and Typhon grew up to become a great bane to mortals.

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Typhus (disambiguation)

Medical

In modern medical English, the term typhus refers to a group of rickettsioses only. Some other groups of infectious diseases also have similar names:

  • Typhoid fever, also called abdominal typhus occasionally, caused by a certain type of subspecies of Salmonella enterica, i.e. Salmonella Typhi.
  • Paratyphoid fever - a disease similar to typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella paratyphi.
  • Typhinia - an obsolete synonym for Relapsing fever, a group of spirochetoses caused by Borrelia.

    • These three diseases were considered as one until first half of 19th century (typhoid fever was separated from typhus in 1829, and relapsing fever was differentiated in 1843).

    In a number of other languages (especially Slavic, such as Russian, Bulgarian, or Ukrainian), these three groups of different infectious diseases share the same basic name ("тиф" for the Cyrillic languages). In German, the term Typhus refers to typhoid fever, whereas rickettsioses are referred to as Fleckfieber.

    Mythology

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