Turkish phonology
A notable feature of Turkish phonology is a system of vowel harmony that causes vowels in most words to be either front or back and either rounded or unrounded. Stop consonants have palatal allophones before front vowels and velar allophones before back vowels.
Consonants
/m, p, b/ are bilabial, whereas /f, v/ are labiodental.
- Some speakers realize /f/ as bilabial [ɸ] when it occurs before the rounded vowels /y, u, ø, o/ as well as (although to a lesser extent) word-finally after the rounded vowels.
- /v/ is realized as:
- A bilabial approximant [β̞] when between two vowels, with at least one of them (usually the following vowel) being rounded.
- A bilabial fricative [β] when before or after a rounded vowel, but not between vowels. Some speakers have only one bilabial allophone and do not make an approximant–fricative distinction.
- A labiodental fricative [v], which occurs elsewhere.
Some speakers realize /f/ as bilabial [ɸ] when it occurs before the rounded vowels /y, u, ø, o/ as well as (although to a lesser extent) word-finally after the rounded vowels.