Turbulence

In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and flow velocity in space and time.

Flow in which the kinetic energy dies out due to the action of fluid molecular viscosity is called laminar flow. While there is no theorem relating the non-dimensional Reynolds number (Re) to turbulence, flows at Reynolds numbers larger than 5000 are typically (but not necessarily) turbulent, while those at low Reynolds numbers usually remain laminar. In Poiseuille flow, for example, turbulence can first be sustained if the Reynolds number is larger than a critical value of about 2040; moreover, the turbulence is generally interspersed with laminar flow until a larger Reynolds number of about 4000.

In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag. Although laminar-turbulent transition is not governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased. Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman described turbulence as "the most important unsolved problem of classical physics."

Turbulence (song)

"Turbulence" is a song by Laidback Luke and Steve Aoki, featuring vocals from American rapper and music producer Lil Jon. It was released on 14 May 2011 as a Digital download in the United Kingdom and was released on 17 July 2011 as an EP. The radio edit version of the song was included on the bonus track version of Steve Aoki's debut album Wonderland. The song is also the current official goal song for the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Music video

A music video to accompany the release of "Turbulence" was first released onto YouTube on 8 March 2011 at a total length of three minutes and fifty-seven seconds. The video shows Aoki, Luke, & Jon at a concert, with Aoki and Luke dressed as pilots, as storm clouds appear and lightning bolts strike down.

Track listing

Turbulence (2000 film)

Turbulence (Portuguese: Estorvo) is a 2000 drama film directed by Ruy Guerra. A co-production between Brazil, Cuba, and Portugal, it was shot in Rio de Janeiro and Havana.

Cast

Reception

It was entered into the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. It won the Best Cinematography and Best Music awards at the 2000 Gramado Film Festival. At the Viña del Mar Film Festival it won the Best Cinematography Award, while Guerra was awarded the best director at the Festival de Cine Iberoamericano de Huelva.

References

External links

Liquefied natural gas

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH₄) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and asphyxia. The liquefaction process involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons, which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F); maximum transport pressure is set at around 25 kPa (4 psi).

LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the (volumetric) energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of CNG or 60 percent that of diesel fuel. This makes LNG cost efficient to transport over long distances where pipelines do not exist. Specially designed cryogenic sea vessels (LNG carriers) or cryogenic road tankers are used for its transport. LNG is principally used for transporting natural gas to markets, where it is regasified and distributed as pipeline natural gas. It can be used in natural gas vehicles, although it is more common to design vehicles to use compressed natural gas. Its relatively high cost of production and the need to store it in expensive cryogenic tanks have hindered widespread commercial use. Despite these drawbacks, on energy basis LNG production is expected to hit 10% of the global crude production by 2020.(see LNG Trade)