This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the Portuguese Wikipedia. (March 2009) Don't speak Portuguese? Click here to read a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article. Click [show] on the right to review important translation instructions before translating.
|
The Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil was an event in the history of Portugal and the history of Brazil in which the Portuguese royal family and its court (approximately 15,000 subjects) escaped from Lisbon on November 29, 1807 to Brazil, just days before Napoleonic forces captured the city on December 1. The Portuguese crown effectively remained in Brazil from 1808 until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 led to the return of John VI of Portugal on April 26, 1821.[1] For thirteen years, Rio de Janeiro functioned as the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal in what some historians call a "metropolitan reversal," i.e., a former colony exercising governance over the entirety of the Portuguese empire.
In 1807, at the beginning of the Peninsular War, Napoleonic forces invaded Portugal, as the Portuguese were allies of the United Kingdom. Then prince regent John VI of Portugal, who governed since 1799 on behalf of his mother, Maria I of Portugal, ordered the transfer of the Portuguese royal court to Brazil before he could be deposed by the invading French army. On November 29, John VI and his court set sail from Lisbon under the protection of the British Royal Navy, under the command of admiral Sir Sidney Smith. On December 5, approximately halfway between Lisbon and Madeira, Sidney Smith along with Britain's envoy to Lisbon, Lord Strangford, returned to Europe with part of the British flotilla, while Graham Moore continued to escort the Portuguese royal family to Brazil with the ships Marlborough, London, Bedford and Monarch.[2]
On January 22, 1808, John VI and his court arrived in Salvador, where he signed a law that opened commerce between Brazil and friendly nations, which in this case meant primarily the United Kingdom. This important law broke the colonial pact that, until then, only allowed Brazil to maintain direct commercial relations with Portugal. While officially signed in 1808, the opening of Brazil's ports to British ships had been negotiated in secret in October 1807 by Portugal's ambassador in London, Domingos António de Sousa Coutinho, in exchange for Britain's military support and protection. Britain also gained access to Madeira as a naval base.[3]
On March 7, 1808, the court arrived in Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, during the Congress of Vienna, John VI created the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves), elevating Brazil to the same rank as Portugal and increasing the administrative independence of Brazil. Brazilian representatives were elected to the Portuguese Constitutional Courts (Cortes Constitucionais Portuguesas). In 1816, with the death of Queen Maria, John VI became King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. After several delays, the ceremony of his acclamation was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1818.
Among the important measures taken by John VI in his years in Brazil were incentives for commerce and industry, the permission to print newspapers and books, the creation of two medical schools, military academies, and the first Bank of Brazil (Banco do Brasil). In Rio de Janeiro he also created a powder factory, a Botanical Garden, an art academy (Escola Nacional de Belas Artes) and an opera house (Teatro São João). All these measures greatly advanced the independence of Brazil in relation to Portugal.
Due to the absence of the King and the economic independence of Brazil, Portugal entered a severe political crisis that obliged John VI and the royal family to return to Portugal in 1821. The heir of John VI, Prince Pedro, remained in Brazil. The Portuguese Cortes demanded that Brazil return to its former status as a colony and the return of the heir to Portugal. Prince Pedro, influenced by the Rio de Janeiro Municipal Senate (Senado da Câmara) refused to return to Portugal during the famous Dia do Fico (January 9, 1822). Political independence came on September 7, 1822, and the prince was crowned emperor in Rio de Janeiro as Dom Pedro I, ending 322 years of colonial dominance of Portugal over Brazil.
Coordinates: 10°S 52°W / 10°S 52°W
Brazil (i/brəˈzɪl/; Portuguese: Brasil [bɾaˈziw] ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil,
listen ), is the largest sovereign state in both South America and the Latin American region. It is the world's fifth-largest country, both by geographical area and by population. It is the largest Portuguese-speaking country in the world, and the only one in the Americas.
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi). It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile and occupies 47.3 percent of the continent of South America. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to diverse wildlife, a variety of ecological systems, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection.
"Aquarela do Brasil" (Portuguese: [akwaˈɾɛlɐ du bɾaˈziw], Watercolor of Brazil), known in the English-speaking world simply as "Brazil", is one of the most famous Brazilian songs, written by Ary Barroso in 1939.
Ary Barroso wrote "Aquarela do Brasil" in early 1939, when he was prevented from leaving his home one rainy night due to a heavy storm. Its title, a reference to watercolor painting, is a clear reference to the rain. He also wrote "Três Lágrimas" (Three teardrops) on that same night, before the rain ended.
Describing the song in an interview to Marisa Lira, of the newspaper Diário de Notícias, Barroso said that he wanted to "free the samba away from the tragedies of life, of the sensual scenario already so explored". According to the composer, he "felt all the greatness, the value and the wealth of our land", reliving "the tradition of the national panels".
Initially, he wrote the first chords, which he defined as "vibrant", and a "plangent of emotions". The original beat "sang on [his] imagination, highlighting the sound of the rain, on syncope beats of fantastic tambourins". According to him, "the rest came naturally, music and lyrics at once". He declared to have felt like another person after writing the song.
Brasil, also known as Hy-Brasil or several other variants, is a phantom island said to lie in the Atlantic Ocean west of Ireland. Irish myths described it as cloaked in mist except for one day every seven years, when it became visible but still could not be reached.
The etymology of the names Brasil and Hy-Brasil is unknown, but in Irish tradition it is thought to come from the Irish Uí Breasail (meaning "descendants (i.e., clan) of Breasal"), one of the ancient clans of northeastern Ireland. cf. Old Irish: Í: island; bres: beauty, worth, great, mighty.
Despite the similarity, the name of the country Brazil has no connection to the mythical islands. The South American country was at first named Ilha de Vera Cruz (Island of the True Cross) and later Terra de Santa Cruz (Land of the Holy Cross) by the Portuguese navigators who discovered the land. After some decades, it started to be called "Brazil" (Brasil, in Portuguese) due to the exploitation of native Brazilwood, at that time the only export of the land. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from Latin brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).
RADIO STATION |
GENRE |
LOCATION |
---|---|---|
Clube FM Curitiba | Latin Hits | Brazil |
Rádio Liderança 89,9 FM | Varied | Brazil |
Rádio Chapecó | Varied | Brazil |
90 FM Blumenau | Pop | Brazil |
Rádio T FM | Varied | Brazil |
Radio Bandeirantes de Campinas | News | Brazil |
Radio Clube 98.1 Fm Açailândia - MA | Varied,Latin Hits | Brazil |
Rádio Progresso 640 | Varied | Brazil |
Click da Nega | Latin Hits | Brazil |
Familia no Samba | Latin Hits | Brazil |
Rádio Marajá AM 660 | Pop,Top 40 | Brazil |
Rádio Guaíba AM Clássica | Classical | Brazil |
Amambay FM | Pop | Brazil |
Rádio Sertanejo Universitário | Country | Brazil |
Rádio Brasileiríssimas | Folk,Pop | Brazil |
Rádio Bandeirantes São Paulo AM 840 | News Talk | Brazil |
Radio City Café | 70s | Brazil |
Rede Pampa Continental FM | Pop | Brazil |
Rádio Lagoa Dourada | Adult Contemporary | Brazil |
Rádio Pagosamba | World | Brazil |
Rádio Nox | Electronica | Brazil |
RaDiO CrIanCa Fm | Varied | Brazil |
Radio Difusora Bage | Varied | Brazil |
Band News FM Rio de Janeiro 94.9 | Varied | Brazil |
Sociedade - 1170 KHz - Oliveira/MG | News Talk,Sports,Unknown | Brazil |
Jovem Pan AM | Adult Contemporary | Brazil |
Rádio Love Classics | Soft Rock,Pop | Brazil |
Rádio Tropical FM | World Tropical | Brazil |
MPB FM 90.3 Rio de Janeiro | Varied | Brazil |
VIA Web Rádio | Latin Hits | Brazil |
Rede Pampa Praia FM | World Caribbean | Brazil |
Radio Globo AM Sao Paulo | Varied | Brazil |
Rádio Berço do Samba | Latin Hits | Brazil |
Brasiliera Sat | Latin Hits | Brazil |
92 FM | Pop,World Tropical | Brazil |
Transamerica light | Varied | Brazil |
Radio Pomerode | Pop,World Tropical | Brazil |
Rádio o Som do Brasil | Latin Hits | Brazil |
Educadora FM irdeb Bahia | News,Classic Rock,Latin Hits | Brazil |
Sorriso | Easy,Talk | Brazil |
Radio Sentinela do Vale | World Tropical | Brazil |
Princesa 99.7 FM | Pop | Brazil |
Rádio Liberdade | Folk | Brazil |
Grande FM 92.1 | Dance | Brazil |
Pinhal FM Sao Paulo (SP) | Pop | Brazil |
Radio Viva O Samba | Latin Hits | Brazil |
Radio Globo 92.5FM Rio de Janeiro | Varied | Brazil |
Rádio Difusora Acreana 1400 | News | Brazil |
Rádio Carlos Gomez | Adult Contemporary | Brazil |
Radio Cultura 670 AM Varzea Alegre | World | Brazil |
TERRA FM -SP | Country,Unknown | Brazil |
You really took me by surprise
You said we've been walking out of step
now for a while
our time is out
I never thought you'd go this far
Is this really really what you what
And is this really where we are?
I will try to comprehend but it's hard
Well it's your call, the die is cast
I guess that there's no love that lasts
But turn the radio on
Hear them keep on playing our song
So should we keep on keeping on
Keep on keeping on
So I guess this was not for real
So take all your bags
And don't unpack them 'til you reach Brazil
You can have the piano, you can have the car
And all the Dusty Springfield-albums take
The TV take the VCR
And be sure to take the Gibson guitar
And the photo albums please
Don't leave me any memories
But turn the radio on
Hear them keep on playing our song
So should we keep on keeping on
Keep on keeping on
So baby give me just one last kiss
To remind us what it is we will miss
But don't be holding on to me