Cinnamic acid
Cinnamic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H5CHCHCO2H. It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Classified as an unsaturated carboxylic acid, it occurs naturally in a number of plants. It exists as both a cis and a trans isomer, although the latter is more common.
Occurrence and production
Natural occurrence
It is obtained from oil of cinnamon, or from balsams such as storax. It is also found in shea butter. Cinnamic acid has a honey-like odor; it and its more volatile ethyl ester (ethyl cinnamate) are flavor components in the essential oil of cinnamon, in which related cinnamaldehyde is the major constituent. Cinnamic acid is also part of the biosynthetic shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways. Its biosynthesis is performed by action of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) on phenylalanine.
Production
The original synthesis of cinnamic acid involves the Perkin reaction, which entails the base-catalysed condensation of acetic anhydride and benzaldehyde. Rainer Ludwig Claisen (1851–1930) described the synthesis of cinnamate esters by the reaction of benzaldehyde and esters. The reaction is known as the Claisen condensation. It can also be prepared from cinnamaldehyde and benzal chloride.
Trans
Trans may refer to:
Gender
- Trans man, a person who was assigned female at birth but whose gender identity is male
- Trans woman, a person who was assigned male at birth but whose gender identity is female
Places
Media
Music
Science and technology
- Trans fat, fats containing trans-isomer fatty acids
Trans, Switzerland
Trans is a village in the municipality of Tomils in the district of Hinterrhein in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. In 2009 Trans merged with Feldis/Veulden, Scheid and Tumegl/Tomils to form the municipality of Tomils.
History
Trans is first mentioned in the middle of the 12th Century as Hof ad Tranne.
Geography
Trans has an area, as of 2006, of 7.4 km2 (2.9 sq mi). Of this area, 30.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 46.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (22%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The municipality is located in the Domleschg sub-district, of the Hinterrhein district. It consisted of the haufendorf (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) village of Trans, located on a terrace 1,473 m (4,833 ft) above the eastern side of the Hinterrhine valley.
Demographics
Trans has a population (as of 2007) of 56, all Swiss. Over the last 10 years the population has decreased at a rate of -17.6%.
Trans (Festival)
trans was an annual, non-arts festival held in Belfast, Northern Ireland, linked with the Urban Arts Academy and organised by the Belfast Waterfront Hall. Over a four-week period it hosted a programme of gigs, free seminars, courses, exhibitions and broadcasts its own radio station.
Ideology
trans stated a list of ideologies and beliefs:
History
The festival was originally set up in 2006, to complement the Urban Arts Academy. Its usual running dates are between the Orange Order's Orangefest and the West Belfast Feile an Phobail.
Throughout its five-year history, the festival was popular not only with the Urban Arts Academy students, but with music and arts lovers from all walks of life, and regularly attracts international artists and audience members.
Podcasts:
