Test–retest

Test-retest may refer to:

Test market

A test market, in the field of business and marketing, is a geographic region or demographic group used to gauge the viability of a product or service in the mass market prior to a wide scale roll-out. The criteria used to judge the acceptability of a test market region or group include:

Practical use

The test market ideally aims to duplicate "everything" - promotion and distribution as well as "product" - on a smaller scale. The technique replicates, typically in one area, what is planned to occur in a national launch; and the results are very carefully monitored, so that they can be extrapolated to projected national results. The area may be any one of the following:

A number of decisions have to be taken about any test market:

Test match (rugby league)

A Test match in rugby league football is a representative match between teams representing members of the Rugby League International Federation.

The definition of a Test match differs from that of an international match. An international match can be played "between senior/open age or restricted age-level teams from different countries".

As in test cricket, a rugby league Test match is a "test of strength and competency" between the sides involved, both fielding their strongest possible teams. A test cap may be awarded by a team's governing body to the players participating in the match.

Recognition

Members of the international governing body can make their own recognition of a match as having test status. It is possible for a match to be considered a test by one side but not the other. Matches may also be given test status retrospectively by their governing bodies.

A notable instance of a different in opinions of the status of past matches is a consequence of the Super League war. The Australian Rugby League does not recognise the games played in 1997 by the Australian Super League side against Great Britain and New Zealand. The three sides were representing members of the Super League International Board, the ARL's rival. The five matches (two against New Zealand and three against Great Britain) are recognised by the Rugby League International Federation, Rugby Football League and New Zealand Rugby League as tests. There have been calls for the Super League Tests to be included in the ARL's records but ARL Chief Executive Geoff Carr said in 2010, "All historians, and the NRL, agree this is the way it should be treated". ARL historian David Middleton has stated that those players who joined Super League did so in the knowledge that they were forfeiting their chance of representing the established national team.

Test (biology)

Biologists call test the hard shell of some sphaerical marine animals, notably sea urchins and microorganisms such as testate foraminiferans, and sometimes radiolarians and testate amoebae.

Origin of the word

In an anatomical context, the word "test" is not linked to the empirical definition of "Test (assessment)" : the first one comes from the latin "testa" (which means a rounded bowl, amphora or bottle), and the latter one from "testis", related to the idea of testimony.

The anatomical "test" is hence comprised in the same etymological field as "testicle", which also refers to the idea of a small, rounded bottle. It also gave the word for "head" in most roman languages (French tête, Italian testa...).

Structure

The test is a skeletal structure, made of hard material such as calcium carbonate, silica, chitin or composite materials. As such, it allows the protection of the internal organs and the attachment of soft flesh.

In sea urchins

The test of sea urchins is made of calcium carbonate, strengthened by a framework of calcite monocristals, in a characteristic "stereomic" structure. These two ingredients provide sea urchins with a great solidity and a moderate weight, as well as the capacity to regenerate the mesh from the cuticle. According to a 2012 study, the skelettal structures of sea urchins consist in "92% of bricks of calcite monocristals (conferring solidity and hardness) and 8 % of a "mortar" of amorphous lime (allowing flexibility and lightness). This lime is constituted itself of 99,9 % of calcium carbonate, with 0,1 % only of structure proteins, which make sea urchins animals with an extremely mineralized skeleton (which also explains their excellent conservation as fossiles).