Tatra Mountains
Range
View from above Morskie Oko
Countries Poland, Slovakia
Region Western Carpathians
Highest point Gerlachovský štít
 - elevation 2,655 m (8,711 ft)
Tatra from space
Bird's-eye view of Western Tatras
Visible effects of the 2004 storm
Gentiana punctata
Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica)
Batizovský štít, over pond Batizovské pleso, Slovakia
Niżnie Rysy (Malé Rysy)
Bystrá - by right
Chimneysweep Peak (Kominiarski Wierch) in Western Tatras
Panoramic view of Tatras from the Polish side
View from Babia Góra
The Polish Black Pond (Czarny Staw Polski) in the High Tatras
High Tatras, Poland
View from the Ice Summit at valley of Spišské Five Ponds, Slovakia

The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra (Tatry either in Polish and in Slovak - plurale tantum, Tátra in Hungarian), are a mountain range which forms a natural border between Slovakia and Poland, and are the highest mountain range in the Carpathian Mountains. Tatras occupy an area of 750 km² (290 mi²), of which the greater part (600 km²/232 mi²) lies in Slovakia, with the highest peak Gerlach at 2,655 m (8710 ft), located north of Poprad. In turn, summit Rysy (2,499 m/8200 ft), located in the north-western part of Tatras, is the highest mountain in Poland.

Contents

Overview [link]

The Tatras are a mountain range of a corrugated nature, originating from the Alpine orogeny, and therefore characterized by a relatively young-look lay of the land, quite similar to the landscape of the Alps, although significantly smaller. It is the highest mountain range within Carpathians. It consists of the internal mountain chains of:

The overall nature of the Tatras, together with their easy accessibility, makes them a favorite with tourists and researchers. Therefore, these mountains are a popular winter sports area, with resorts such as Zakopane, called also "winter capital of Poland", Poprad and the town Vysoké Tatry (The Town of High Tatras) in Slovakia created in 1999, including former separate resorts: Štrbské Pleso, Starý Smokovec, and Tatranská Lomnica. The High Tatras, with their 24 (or 25) peaks exceeding 2,500 m above sea level, together with the Southern Carpathians, represent the only form of alpine landscape in the entire 1200 km length of arc of the Carpathians.

The Tatras should be distinguished from another Slovak mountain range, the Low Tatras, Slovak: Nízke Tatry, located south of the Tatras. Sometimes, Tatras is a term used either for the Tatras and for the Low Tatras.

Climate [link]

The Tatras lie in the temperate zone of Central Europe. They are an important barrier to the movements of air masses. Their mountainous topography causes one of the most diverse climates in that region.

Winds

The average wind speed on the summits is 6 m/s.

  • southerly winds on the northern side
  • westerly winds at the base of Tatra (Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin)
  • foehn winds (Polish: halny) most often occur between October and May. They are warm and dry and can cause extensive damage.
  • Maximum wind speed 288 km/h (6 May 1968).[1]

On 19 November 2004, large parts of the forests in the southern Slovak part of the High Tatras were damaged by a strong wind storm.[1] Three million cubic metres of trees were uprooted, two people died and several villages were totally cut off. Further damage was done by a subsequent forest fire, and it will take many years until the local ecology is fully recovered.[citation needed]

Temperature

Temperatures range from −40 °C (−40 °F) in the winter to 33 °C (91 °F) in warmer months. Temperatures also vary depending on altitude and sun exposure of a given slope. Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) last for 192 days on the summits.

Precipitation

Highest precipitation figures are recorded on the northern slopes. In June and July monthly precipitation reaches around 250 mm (10 in). Precipitation occurs from 215 to 228 days a year. Thunderstorms occur 36 days a year on average.

Snow cover

Maximum thickness on the summit amounts to:

  • in Poland - Kasprowy Wierch: 355 cm (140 in)
  • in Slovakia - Lomnicky Stit: 408 cm (161 in)

Peaks are sometimes covered with snow or ice throughout the year. Avalanches are frequent.

Flora [link]

The Mountains have a diverse variety of plant life. They are home to more than 1,000 species of vascular plants, about 450 mosses, 200 liverworts, 700 lichens, 900 fungi, and 70 slime moulds. There are five climatic-vegetation belts in the Tatras.

The distribution of plants depends on altitude:

  • up to 1,300 m: Carpathian beech forest; almost no shrub layer, herb layer occupies most of the forest floor
  • to 1,550 m: Spruce forest; shrub layer poorly developed, mosses are a major component
  • to 1,800 m: Mountain Pine, numerous herbs
  • to 2,300 m: high altitude grasslands
  • from 2,300 m up: Subnivean - bare rock and almost no vegetation (mostly lichens)

Fauna [link]

The Tatra Mountains are home to many species of animals: 54 tardigrades, 22 turbellarians, 100 rotifers, 22 copepods, 162 spiders, 81 molluscs, 43 mammals, 200 birds, 7 amphibians and 2 reptiles.

The most notable mammals are the Tatra chamois, marmot, snow vole, brown bear, wolf, Eurasian lynx, red deer, roe deer, and wild boar. Notable fish include the brook trout and alpine bullhead.

The endemic arthropod species include a caddis fly, spider Xysticus alpicola[2] and a springtail.

Summits [link]

Eastern Tatras
Western Tatras

Trails [link]

Orla Perć it is considered the most difficult and dangerous public path in the entire Tatras, a suitable destination only for experienced tourists and climbers. More than one hundred unprepared individuals have lost their lives on the route since it was first established. The path is marked with red signs.

The highest point in the Tatra Mountains with access by labeled trails is Rysy.

Human engagement [link]

Tatras were used at the 18th and 19th centuries for sheep grazing and mining. Many trees were cut down to make way for humans. Although these activities were stopped, the impact is still visible. Moreover, there are new problems: pollution from the industrialized regions of Kraków, Ostrava and Orava as well as the existence of a casual tourism cause substantial damage[citation needed].

The Slovak Tatra National Park (Tatranský národný park; TANAP) was founded in 1949 (738 km²), and the contiguous Polish Tatra National Park (Tatrzański Park Narodowy) was founded in 1954 on an area of 215.56 km².[3] Both areas were added to the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve list in 1993.

The 1999 film Ravenous was filmed in the Tatras Mountains.[4]

In 2006, the Bollywood film Fanaa, portraying places in Kashmir, was filmed at Zakopane, mainly because of the risks associated with insurgency in Kashmir, as well due to some similarities in a mountain landscape.

Notable people [link]

See also [link]

References [link]

  1. ^ a b Igor J. Zaleski, Tomasz Mączka. "Wiatr halny (foehn wind)" (in pl). www.tpn.pl. https://www.tpn.pl/pl/klimat/news/102/Wiatr-halny. 
  2. ^ "Kulczynski, 1882, Fauna Europaea: Xysticus alpicola". Fauna Europaea version 2.4, www.faunaeur.org. https://www.faunaeur.org. 
  3. ^ "Official website of Polish Tatra National Park" (in pl). www.tpn.pl. https://www.tpn.pl/pl/poznaj. 
  4. ^ "Ravenous filming locations" (in en). imdb.com. https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0129332/locations. 

Bibliography [link]

  • Lacika, Ján (2006). Tatras (2nd edition). Bratislava. ISBN ISBN 80-88975-95-6. 
  • Saunders, Colin; Nárožná, Renáta (2006). Walking in the High Tatras (2nd edition). Cicerone Press (Milnthorpe). ISBN ISBN 9781852844820. 

External links [link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tatra Mountains
Commercial tourism-oriented websites
Mountaineering
Photography
Films

Coordinates: 49°10′N 20°08′E / 49.167°N 20.133°E / 49.167; 20.133


https://wn.com/Tatra_Mountains

Tatra 80

Tatra 80 is an automobile from Tatra designed by Hans Ledwinka in 1931. It was Tatra's flagship product at the time, powered by water-cooled 5991 cc V12 engine, including the familiar backbone chassis and swing axle suspension. With engine power of 120 bhp (89 kW) the car has top speed of 140 kilometres per hour (87 mph).

References

Literature

  • Tatra Automobiles - Luxury Cars from Koprivnice 1920-1940 by Miroslav Gomola, AGM publisher Czech republic
    • Read more
    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Tatra_80

    Tatra 17

    Tatra 17 is a vintage automobile produced by the Czech manufacturer Tatra from 1925 to 1929. It was the company's top-end model which was sold alongside the economy car Tatra 12 and middle class Tatra 30.

    Design

    Engine

    Originally, the car was fitted with a liquid-cooled six-cylinder OHC in-line Tatra 17 engine with 1,930 cc (118 cu in) and 35 hp (26 kW) power. The block was made from silumin and cylinder heads from aluminium. It was the first Tatra with an ignition battery. The maximum attainable speed of the 1,130 kg (2,491 lb) heavy car was 100 km/h (62 mph). Altogether 205 vehicles were made before 25 September 1926.

    Another engine used was from even more up-market Tatra 31. It was also a liquid-cooled six-cylinder in-line OHC, however this time with 2,310 cc (141 cu in) and 39,4 hp (29,4 kW) power. The maximum speed was raised to 110 km/h (68 mph). 250 vehicles were made with this engine.

    Tatra 17/31 was for some time manufactured alongside the successor model Tatra 31, of which 300 vehicles were made.

    Read more
    This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Tatra_17

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