Raw image format

A camera raw image file contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of either a digital camera, image scanner, or motion picture film scanner. Raw files are named so because they are not yet processed and therefore are not ready to be printed or edited with a bitmap graphics editor. Normally, the image is processed by a raw converter in a wide-gamut internal colorspace where precise adjustments can be made before conversion to a "positive" file format such as TIFF or JPEG for storage, printing, or further manipulation, which often encodes the image in a device-dependent colorspace. There are dozens, if not hundreds, of raw formats in use by different models of digital equipment (like cameras or film scanners).

Rationale

Raw image files are sometimes called digital negatives, as they fulfill the same role as negatives in film photography: that is, the negative is not directly usable as an image, but has all of the information needed to create an image. Likewise, the process of converting a raw image file into a viewable format is sometimes called developing a raw image, by analogy with the film development process used to convert photographic film into viewable prints. The selection of the final choice of image rendering is part of the process of white balancing and color grading.

Cap (crown)

The cap of a crown is the cap which fills the inner space of a modern crown. While ancient crowns contained no cap, from mediaeval times it became traditional to fill the circlet with a cap of velvet or other such cloth, with a base of ermine.

While the precise reason for the inclusion of a cap is unknown, two reasons are often given:

  • to add to the visual impact of the crown, while showing off the golden circlet to maximum effect;
  • to keep a monarch's head warm in drafty mediaeval buildings during long coronation ceremonies or public events where crowns were worn.
  • Not all crowns contained cloth caps. Some caps were metallic and heavily jewelled.


    Pileus (mycology)

    The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp (fungal fruiting body) that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium (hymenophore) may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus. A pileus is characteristic of agarics, boletes, some polypores, tooth fungi, and some ascomycetes.

    Classification

    Pilei can be formed in various shapes, and the shapes can change over the course of the developmental cycle of a fungus. The most familiar pileus shape is hemispherical or convex. Convex pilei often continue to expand as they mature until they become flat. Many well-known species have a convex pileus, including the button mushroom, various Amanita species and boletes.

    Some, such as the parasol mushroom, have distinct bosses or umbos and are described as umbonate. An umbo is a knobby protrusion at the center of the cap. Some fungi, such as chanterelles have a funnel- or trumpet-shaped appearance. In these cases the pileus is termed infundibuliform.

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    Latest News for: taqiyah (cap)

    Significant dip in footfall at Aurangzeb’s tomb amid controversy

    Hindustan Times 15 Mar 2025
    PUNE ... The downturn coincides with heightened political tensions and calls from political parties to demolish the historical site ... (HT FILE) ... Instead, he earned his own money by making prayer caps (taqiyah) and writing copies of the Quran ... ....

    Why Aurangzeb, the most controversial Mughal emperor knitted caps every day

    The Times of India 06 Mar 2025
    ... humility.118763897(Aurangzeb as depicted in Indian film, Chhaava)According to historical accounts, Aurangzeb spent a portion of his time knitting prayer caps (taqiyah) and copying the Quran by hand.
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