Tlr9

Toll-like receptor 9

Identifiers

TLR9; CD289

External IDs

OMIM: 605474 MGI: 1932389 HomoloGene: 68126 ChEMBL: 5804 GeneCards: TLR9 Gene

Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• receptor activity • interleukin-1 receptor binding • siRNA binding
Cellular component	• extracellular region • intracellular • cytoplasm • lysosome • endosome • endoplasmic reticulum • endoplasmic reticulum membrane • plasma membrane • endosome membrane • integral to membrane • basolateral plasma membrane • apical plasma membrane • cytoplasmic vesicle • early phagosome
Biological process	• response to molecule of bacterial origin • signal transduction • I-kappaB phosphorylation • insulin receptor signaling pathway • maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium • negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity • negative regulation of interleukin-6 production • negative regulation of interleukin-8 production • positive regulation of chemokine production • positive regulation of interferon-beta production • positive regulation of interleukin-10 production • positive regulation of interleukin-12 production • positive regulation of interleukin-18 production • positive regulation of interleukin-6 production • positive regulation of interleukin-8 production • positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production • negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus • defense response to bacterium • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade • positive regulation of JUN kinase activity • positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process • innate immune response • positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process • positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • positive regulation of JNK cascade • positive regulation of inflammatory response • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity • positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

RefSeq (mRNA)

RefSeq (protein)

Location (UCSC)

Chr 3:
52.26 – 52.26 Mb

Chr 9:
106.12 – 106.13 Mb

PubMed search

[1]

[2]

Toll-like receptor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR9 gene.^[1] TLR9 has also been designated as CD289 (cluster of differentiation 289).

1 Function
2 Clinical significance
3 Interactions
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links

Function [link]

TLR9 is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. TLRs are named for the high degree of conservation in structure and function seen between mammalian TLRs and the Drosophila transmembrane protein Toll. TLRs are transmembrane proteins, expressed on the cell surface and the endocytic compartment and recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are expressed on infectious agents and initiate signalling to induce production of cytokines necessary for the innate immunity and subsequent adaptive immunity. The various TLRs exhibit different patterns of expression. This gene is preferentially expressed in immune cell rich tissues, such as spleen, lymph node, bone marrow and peripheral blood leukocytes. Studies in mice and human indicate that this receptor mediates cellular response to unmethylated CpG dinucleotides in bacterial DNA to mount an innate immune response.^[2]

TLR9 recognizes unmethylated CpG sequences in DNA molecules. CpG sites are relatively rare (~1%) on vertebrate genomes in comparison to bacterial genomes or viral DNA. TLR9 is expressed by numerous cells of the immune system such as dendritic cells, B lymphocytes , monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. TLR9 is expressed intracellularly, within the endosomal compartments and functions to alert the immune system of viral and bacterial infections by binding to DNA rich in CpG motifs. TLR9 signals leads to activation of the cells initiating pro-inflammatory reactions that result in the production of cytokines such as type-I interferon and IL-12.

Clinical significance [link]

There are new immunomodulatory treatments undergoing testing which involve the administration of artificial DNA oligonucleotides containing the CpG motif. CpG DNA has applications in treating allergies such as asthma,^[3] immunostimulation against cancer,^[4] immunostimulation against pathogens, and as adjuvants in vaccines.^[5]

Interactions [link]

TLR9 has been shown to interact with RNF216.^[6]

References [link]

^ Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B (Dec 2000). "Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution". Eur Cytokine Netw 11 (3): 362–71. PMID 11022119.
^ "Entrez Gene: TLR9 toll-like receptor 9". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=54106.
^ Kline JN (July 2007). "Eat dirt: CpG DNA and immunomodulation of asthma". Proc Am Thorac Soc 4 (3): 283–8. DOI:10.1513/pats.200701-019AW. PMC 2647631. PMID 17607014. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2647631.
^ Thompson JA, Kuzel T, Bukowski R, Masciari F, Schmalbach T (July 2004). "Phase Ib trial of a targeted TLR9 CpG immunomodulator (CPG 7909) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC)". Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition) 22 (14S). https://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&vmview=abst_detail_view&confID=26&abstractID=2313.
^ Klinman DM (2006). "Adjuvant activity of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides". Int. Rev. Immunol. 25 (3-4): 135–54. DOI:10.1080/08830180600743057. PMID 16818369.
^ Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ (May 2004). "Triad3A, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating Toll-like receptors". Nat. Immunol. 5 (5): 495–502. DOI:10.1038/ni1066. PMID 15107846.

External links [link]

TLR9+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This membrane protein-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.

v t e Proteins: clusters of differentiation (see also list of human clusters of differentiation)

1-50	CD1 a-c 1A 1D 1E CD2 CD3 γ δ ε CD4 CD5 CD6 CD7 CD8 a CD9 CD10 CD11 a b c d CD13 CD14 CD15 CD16 A B CD18 CD19 CD20 CD21 CD22 CD23 CD24 CD25 CD26 CD27 CD28 CD29 CD30 CD31 CD32 A B CD33 CD34 CD35 CD36 CD37 CD38 CD39 CD40 CD41 CD42 a b c d CD43 CD44 CD45 CD46 CD47 CD48 CD49 a b c d e f CD50

51-100	CD51 CD52 CD53 CD54 CD55 CD56 CD57 CD58 CD59 CD61 CD62 E L P CD63 CD64 A B C CD66 a b c d e f CD68 CD69 CD70 CD71 CD72 CD73 CD74 CD78 CD79 a b CD80 CD81 CD82 CD83 CD84 CD85 a d e h j k CD86 CD87 CD88 CD89 CD90 CD91 - CD92 CD93 CD94 CD95 CD96 CD97 CD98 CD99 CD100

101-150	CD101 CD102 CD103 CD104 CD105 CD106 CD107 a b CD108 CD109 CD110 CD111 CD112 CD113 CD114 CD115 CD116 CD117 CD118 CD119 CD120 a b CD121 a b CD122 CD123 CD124 CD125 CD126 CD127 CD129 CD130 CD131 CD132 CD133 CD134 CD135 CD136 CD137 CD138 CD140b CD141 CD142 CD143 CD144 CD146 CD147 CD148 CD150

151-200	CD151 CD152 CD153 CD154 CD155 CD156 a b c CD157 CD158 (a d e i k) CD159 a c CD160 CD161 CD162 CD163 CD164 CD166 CD167 a b CD168 CD169 CD170 CD171 CD172 a b g CD174 CD177 CD178 CD179 a b CD181 CD182 CD183 CD184 CD185 CD186 CD191 CD192 CD193 CD194 CD195 CD196 CD197 CDw198 CDw199 CD200

201-250	CD201 CD202b CD204 CD205 CD206 CD207 CD208 CD209 CDw210 a b CD212 CD213a 1 2 CD217 CD218 (a b) CD220 CD221 CD222 CD223 CD224 CD225 CD226 CD227 CD228 CD229 CD230 CD233 CD234 CD235 a b CD236 CD238 CD239 CD240CE CD240D CD241 CD243 CD244 CD246 CD247 - CD248 CD249

251-300	CD252 CD253 CD254 CD256 CD257 CD258 CD261 CD262 CD264 CD265 CD266 CD267 CD268 CD269 CD271 CD272 CD273 CD274 CD275 CD276 CD278 CD279 CD280 CD281 CD282 CD283 CD284 CD286 CD288 CD289 CD290 CD292 CDw293 CD294 CD295 CD297 CD298 CD299

301-350	CD300A CD301 CD302 CD303 CD304 CD305 CD306 CD307 CD309 CD312 CD314 CD315 CD316 CD317 CD318 CD320 CD321 CD322 CD324 CD325 CD326 CD328 CD329 CD331 CD332 CD333 CD334 CD335 CD336 CD337 CD338 CD339 CD340 CD344 CD349 CD350

v t e Signaling pathway: TLR signaling pathway

Receptor	TLR 4 TLR 1 · TLR 2 · TLR 6 TLR 5 · TLR 10

Other external	CD14 · MD2 · LBP

Internal	adaptor: Myd88 · TRIF · TIRAP · TRAF6 · TOLLIP IRAK1 · IRAK4 IRF3 TLR 3 · TLR 7 · TLR 8 · TLR 9

B trdu: iter (nrpl/grfl/cytl/horl), csrc (lgic, enzr, gprc, igsr, intg, nrpr/grfr/cytr), itra (adap, gbpr, mapk), calc, lipd; path (hedp, wntp, tgfp+mapp, notp, jakp, fsap, hipp, tlrp)

https://wn.com/TLR9

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