TGF alpha

Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene. As a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family, TGF-α is a mitogenic polypeptide. The protein becomes activated when binding to receptors capable of protein kinase activity for cellular signaling.

TGF-α is a transforming growth factor that is a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor, which activates a signaling pathway for cell proliferation, differentiation and development. This protein may act as either a transmembrane-bound ligand or a soluble ligand. This gene has been associated with many types of cancers, and it may also be involved in some cases of cleft lip/palate.

Synthesis

TGF-α is synthesized internally as part of a 160 (human) or 159 (rat) amino acid transmembrane precursor. The precursor is composed of an extracellular domain containing a hydrophobic transmembrane domain, 50 amino acids of TGF-α, and a 35-residue-long cytoplasmic domain. In its smallest form TGF-α has six cysteines linked together via three disulfide bridges. Collectively all members of the EGF/TGF-α family share this structure. The protein, however, is not directly related to TGF-β. In the stomach, TGF-α is manufactured within the normal gastric mucosa. TGF-α has been shown to inhibit gastric acid secretion.

Absolute Return + Alpha

AR: Absolute Return + Alpha (or AR) is a hedge fund magazine founded in 2009. The magazine has its editorial offices in New York City.

History and profile

Absolute Return + Alpha (AR) was launched in September 2009, as a subsidiary of financial publisher Euromoney Institutional Investor.AR was formed when two magazines, Alpha and Absolute Return, were combined. The magazine publishes both online and print content. Its main focus is the hedge fund industry and its 3,500 fund managers, but the magazine also covers significant financial events and global research. The magazine features hedge fund rankings according to assets under management rankings, an annual ranking of the 25 highest paid hedge fund managers, and monthly tables of U.S. hedge fund performance data.

References

External links

Selena albums discography

American singer Selena has released five studio albums, three live albums, one soundtrack and twenty-one compilation albums. Credited for elevating a music genre into the mainstream market, Selena remains the best-selling Tejano recording artist whose posthumous releases continue to outsell those of living musicians. As of 2015, the singer has sold 60 million copies worldwide, and was named the "Top Latin Artist of the '90s" and "Best-selling Latin Artist of the Decade" by Billboard magazine. In 1995, Selena was inducted into the Billboard Latin Music Hall of Fame, the Hard Rock Cafe's Hall of Fame, the South Texas Music Hall of Fame, and the Tejano Music Hall of Fame in 2001.

Selena's career began as lead vocalist of Los Dinos in 1980. She signed with EMI Latin nine years later as a solo artist though her band continued to tour with her. She released her self-titled debut album that same year, which peaked at number seven on the U.S. Billboard Regional Mexican Albums chart. With Selena, the singer outsold other female Tejano artists. She released her second album Ven Conmigo in October 1990; it peaked at number three on the Regional Mexican Albums chart. Ven Conmigo was later certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 50,000 units, the first recording by a female Tejano artist to do so. As of 2010, Ven Conmigo had sold 500,000 copies in the United States. According to music critics, her next recording Entre a Mi Mundo (1992), was the "breakthrough album" of her musical career. The album and its lead single, "Como la Flor", helped launch the singer's career in Mexico.Entre a Mi Mundo peaked at number one on the Regional Mexican Albums chart for eight consecutive months; and was certified 6× platinum by the RIAA, signifying shipments of 600,000 units. Entre a Mi Mundo became the first Tejano recording by a female artist to sell over 300,000 copies.

Limited Edition (Magic: The Gathering)

Magic: The Gathering Limited Edition is the first Magic: The Gathering card set. It premiered in a limited release at Origins Game Fair in 1993, with a general release that August. The initial print run of 2.6 million cards sold out quickly, and a new printing run was released in October 1993. These two runs are known as Limited Edition Alpha and Limited Edition Beta, or just Alpha and Beta for short. Although Alpha and Beta are referred to as different sets by some, officially they are the same set; Wizards of the Coast had expected that people wouldn't necessarily be able to tell the two press runs apart. Beta fixed a number of misprints and errors on cards. The printer accidentally used different corner rounding dies for the second run, resulting in Alpha cards being noticeably distinct in shape and appearance from Beta cards and all subsequent cards. The Beta printing also included a revised rulebook with a number of clarifications, although creator Richard Garfield's short fiction "Worzel's Tale" was removed to make room. The print run of Beta is given as 7.3 million or 7.8 million depending on the source. Despite the set's print run being about three times as big as Alpha's, Beta sold out as quickly as its predecessor.

TGF beta 1

Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGF-β1 is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines. It is a secreted protein that performs many cellular functions, including the control of cell growth, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis. In humans, TGF-β1 is encoded by the TGFB1 gene.

Function

TGF-β is a multifunctional set of peptides that controls proliferation, differentiation, and other functions in many cell types. TGF-β acts synergistically with TGFA in inducing transformation. It also acts as a negative autocrine growth factor. Dysregulation of TGF-β activation and signaling may result in apoptosis. Many cells synthesize TGF-β and almost all of them have specific receptors for this peptide. TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 all function through the same receptor signaling systems.

TGF-β1 was first identified in human platelets as a protein with a molecular mass of 25 kilodaltons with a potential role in wound healing. It was later characterized as a large protein precursor (containing 390 amino acids) that was proteolytically processed to produce a mature peptide of 112 amino acids.

TGF beta 2

Transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-β2) is a secreted protein known as a cytokine that performs many cellular functions and has a vital role during embryonic development (alternative names: Glioblastoma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, G-TSF, BSC-1 cell growth inhibitor, Polyergin, Cetermin). It is an extracellular glycosylated protein. It is known to suppress the effects of interleukin dependent T-cell tumors. There are two named isoforms of this protein, created by alternative splicing of the same gene.

Further reading

Transforming growth factor, beta 3

Transforming growth factor beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB3 gene.

It is a type of protein, known as a cytokine, which is involved in cell differentiation, embryogenesis and development. It belongs to a large family of cytokines called the Transforming growth factor beta superfamily, which includes the TGF-β family, Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), inhibins and activins.

TGF-β3 is believed to regulate molecules involved in cellular adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation during the process of palate development. Without TGF-β3, mammals develop a deformity known as a cleft palate. This is caused by failure of epithelial cells in both sides of the developing palate to fuse. TGF-β3 also plays an essential role in controlling the development of lungs in mammals, by also regulating cell adhesion and ECM formation in this tissue, and controls wound healing by regulating the movements of epidermal and dermal cells in injured skin.