The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of pressure.[1] For practical purposes it has been replaced by the bar which is 105 Pa.[1] The difference of about 1% is not significant for many applications, and is within the error range of common pressure gauges.
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In 1954 the 10th Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) adopted standard atmosphere for general use and affirmed its definition of being precisely equal to 1,013,250 dynes per square centimeter (101 325 Pa).[2] This value was intended to represent the mean atmospheric pressure at mean sea level at the latitude of Paris, France, and as a practical matter, truly reflects the mean sea level pressure for many of the industrialized nations (those with latitudes similar to Paris).
In chemistry, the original definition of “Standard Temperature and Pressure” (STP) was a reference temperature of 0 °C (273.15 K) and pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm). However, in 1982, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, “the standard pressure” should be defined as precisely 100 kPa (exactly 1 bar).[3]
pascal | bar | technical atmosphere | standard atmosphere | torr | pound per square inch | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pa | bar | at | atm | Torr | psi | |
1 Pa | ≡ 1 N/m2 | 10−5 | 1.0197×10−5 | 9.8692×10−6 | 7.5006×10−3 | 145.04×10−6 |
1 bar | 105 | ≡ 106 dyn/cm2 | 1.0197 | 0.98692 | 750.06 | 14.5037744 |
1 at | 0.980665 ×105 | 0.980665 | ≡ 1 kp/cm2 | 0.96784 | 735.56 | 14.223 |
1 atm | 1.01325 ×105 | 1.01325 | 1.0332 | ≡ p0 | 760 | 14.696 |
1 Torr | 133.322 | 1.3332×10−3 | 1.3595×10−3 | 1.3158×10−3 | = 1 mmHg | 19.337×10−3 |
1 psi | 6.895×103 | 68.948×10−3 | 70.307×10−3 | 68.046×10−3 | 51.715 | ≡ 1 lbF/in2 |
A pressure of 1 atm can also be stated as:
Scuba divers and others use the word atmosphere and "atm" in relation to pressures that are relative to mean atmospheric pressure at sea level (1.013 bar). For example, a partial pressure of oxygen is calibrated typically using air at sea level, so is expressed in units of atm.
The old European unit technical atmosphere (at) is roughly equal to the gauge pressure under 10 m of water; 1 at = 98066.5 Pa.
Atmosphere is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering research related to the Earth`s atmosphere. The journal is published by MDPI and was established in 2010. The founding editor-in-chief was Daniela Jacob (Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology) until 2014. The current editor-in-chief is Robert Talbot (University of Houston).
Atmosphere is covered by the following indexing and abstracting databases:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.132.
Atmosphere is the eighth studio album of American house DJ and electronic dance music producer Kaskade. It was released in the United States and Canada on September 10, 2013 through Ultra Records.
The album shares similar success with his previous studio album Fire & Ice. It became Kaskade's second No. 1 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart. It also made its debut at #16 on the Billboard Top 200 chart, as well as number 7 on the Billboard Digital Albums chart and number 2 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. Atmosphere earned Kaskade his second Grammy nomination for Best Dance/Electronica Album in 2014.
The album received mixed reviews from mainstream critics. Metacritic rated Atmosphere an average score of 62 out of 100 based on 5 reviews.
All songs written and composed by Ryan Raddon and Finn Bjarnson, except for tracks 3, 7 and 11.
Credits adapted from AllMusic and Discogs.
A swindle is a kind of fraud.
Swindle may also refer to:
Swindle is a 2013 American television film starring Noah Crawford, Chris O'Neal, Jennette McCurdy, Noah Munck, Ariana Grande, Ciara Bravo, and Fred Ewanuick. Based on Gordon Korman's novel of the same name, the movie tells the story of Griffin (Noah Crawford), a boy who retrieves his friend's valuable baseball card from an unscrupulous collectibles dealer with the help of his friends. Sneak peeks promoting the film aired on Nickelodeon during three Sam & Cat episodes. The film premiered August 5, 2013 to an audience of over 4.2 million viewers. The film was released on DVD on March 19, 2014. The film was released on Blu-ray on December 15, 2015.
In chess, a swindle is a ruse by which a player in a losing position tricks his opponent, and thereby achieves a win or draw instead of the expected loss. It may also refer more generally to obtaining a win or draw from a clearly losing position.I. A. Horowitz and Fred Reinfeld distinguish among "traps", "pitfalls", and "swindles". In their terminology, a "trap" refers to a situation where a player goes wrong through his own efforts. In a "pitfall", the beneficiary of the pitfall plays an active role, creating a situation where a plausible move by the opponent will turn out badly. A "swindle" is a pitfall adopted by a player who has a clearly lost game. Horowitz and Reinfeld observe that swindles, "though ignored in virtually all chess books", "play an enormously important role in over-the-board chess, and decide the fate of countless games".
Although "swindling" in general usage is synonymous with cheating or fraud, in chess the term does not imply that the swindler has done anything unethical or unsportsmanlike. There is nonetheless a faint stigma attached to swindles, since players feel that one who has outplayed one's opponent for almost the entire game "is 'morally' entitled to victory" and a swindle is thus regarded as "rob[bing] the opponent of a well-earned victory". However, the best swindles can be quite artistic, and some are widely known.