Superstring theory
Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modelling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings.
'Superstring theory' is a shorthand for supersymmetric string theory because unlike bosonic string theory, it is the version of string theory that incorporates fermions and supersymmetry.
Since the second superstring revolution, the five superstring theories are regarded as different limits of a single theory tentatively called M-theory, or simply string theory.
Background
The deepest problem in theoretical physics is harmonizing the theory of general relativity, which describes gravitation and applies to large-scale structures (stars, galaxies, super clusters), with quantum mechanics, which describes the other three fundamental forces acting on the atomic scale.
The development of a quantum field theory of a force invariably results in infinite possibilities. Physicists have developed mathematical techniques (renormalization) to eliminate these infinities that work for three of the four fundamental forces—electromagnetic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces—but not for gravity. The development of a quantum theory of gravity must therefore come about by different means than those used for the other forces.
Substring
A substring of a string 
is another string 
that occurs "in" . For example, "the best of" is a substring of "It was the best of times". This is not to be confused with subsequence, which is a generalization of substring. For example, "Itwastimes" is a subsequence of "It was the best of times", but not a substring.
Prefix and suffix are refinements of substring. A prefix of a string is a substring of that occurs at the beginning of . A suffix of a string is a substring that occurs at the end of .
Substring
A substring (or factor) of a string 
is a string 
, where 
and 
. A substring of a string is a prefix of a suffix of the string, and equivalently a suffix of a prefix. If 
is a substring of 
, it is also a subsequence, which is a more general concept. Given a pattern 
, you can find its occurrences in a string with a string searching algorithm. Finding the longest string which is equal to a substring of two or more strings is known as the longest common substring problem.
Example: The string ana is equal to substrings (and subsequences) of banana at two different offsets:
Superstring (fireworks)
At the 1976 P.G.I. (Pyrotechnic Guild International) Convention in Grand Junction, Colorado, member Robert (Rob) Berk came up with the idea of connecting a series of firecracker strings together in order to make a "superstring". Fellow members Lino Nivolo, Rudy Schwerdt, and Bob Luke collaborated in the construction. The final count of this first attempt was approximately 2,000 firecrackers. The excitement of building this string increased the following year at the annual convention in St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin when the superstring exceeded the hundred-thousand mark. To add to the excitement, auctioneer Rob Berk pounded the gavel as Lou Czaplewski paid $25 for the right to light it. Over the years, the superstring has increased in size and the amount paid to light it has exceeded $4,000.
A superstring, also known as a cracker wall, is a name commonly given to an immense bundle of firecrackers, usually numbering in the hundreds of thousands, which are often a central fixture at fireworks conventions. Although large compound strings of firecrackers have been constructed since firecrackers were invented, the superstring was greatly popularized by the Pyrotechnics Guild International, whose yearly convention often features a huge superstring consisting of well over a million firecrackers. Superstrings are usually constructed over a rudimentary wooden or metallic structure as a sort of curtain wall.
Junk
Junk may refer to:
Music
People named Junk
See also
Junk (novel)
Junk, known as Smack in the U.S., is a realistic novel for young adults by the British author Melvin Burgess, published in 1996 by Andersen in the U.K. Set on the streets of Bristol, England, it features two runaway teens who join a group of squatters, where they fall into heroin addiction and embrace anarchism. Both critically and commercially it is the best received of Burgess' novels. Yet it was unusually controversial at first, criticized negatively for its "how-to" aspect, or its dark realism, or its moral relativism.
Burgess won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's outstanding children's book by a British author. For the 70th anniversary of the Medal in 2007 Junk was named one of the top ten winning works, selected by a panel to compose the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite.Junk also won the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize, a similar award that authors may not win twice. It is the latest of six books to win both awards.
Junk (song)
"Junk" is a song written by Paul McCartney in 1968 while the Beatles were in India. "Singalong Junk" is an instrumental version of "Junk" that also appears on McCartney.
History
It was originally under consideration for The Beatles (also known as the White Album). It was passed over for that LP, as it was for Abbey Road. It was eventually released on McCartney's debut solo album McCartney in 1970. The version McCartney played for the rest of the Beatles, in May 1968, was among other songs demoed at George Harrison's Kinfauns home before the recording of The Beatles, and was released on Anthology 3 on 22 October 1996. The song's working title was "Jubilee", and also known as "Junk in the Yard". Take one appeared on the McCartney album as "Singalong Junk" and whereas take two was issued as "Junk".
Besides the exclusion of vocals, "Singalong Junk" features mellotron strings and the melody is played on a piano. The song also features more prominent drums. This version of the song is said to have been the original instrumental backing to which McCartney was planning on singing, but he opted for a simpler arrangement for the vocal version instead.
Podcasts:
