PAL (disambiguation)
PAL (Phase Alternating Line) is a colour encoding system for analogue television.
PAL or Pal may also refer to:
Organizations
Science and technology
Medicine, biology, and psychology
Computers
4-Fluoroamphetamine
4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA; 4-FMP; PAL-303; "Flux"), also known as para-fluoroamphetamine (PFA) is a psychoactive research chemical of the phenethylamine and substituted amphetamine chemical classes. It produces stimulant and entactogenic effects, and is described subjectively as being between amphetamine and MDMA. As a recreational drug, 4-FA is sometimes sold along with related compounds such as 2-fluoroamphetamine and 4-fluoromethamphetamine.
Usage
4-FA is popular in the Netherlands where it is predominantly used for its specific effects (77% of users) rather than its legal status (18%).
Effects
The subjective effects of 4-fluoroamphetamine include euphoria which some find similar to the effects of MDMA and amphetamine, increased energy (stimulation), mood elevation, feelings of warmth and empathy, excessive talking, bruxism, and suppressed appetite (anorexic). The general course of effects involves primarily empathogenic effects for the first few hours, which fades out as increased stimulation develops over the next several hours.
Naphthylaminopropane
Naphthylisopropylamine (PAL-287) is an experimental drug currently under investigation for the treatment of alcohol and stimulant addiction.
Naphthylisopropylamine acts as a non-neurotoxicreleasing agent of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, with EC50 values of 3.4 nM, 11.1 nM, and 12.6 nM, respectively. It also has affinity for the 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors (EC50 values = 466 nM, 40 nM, and 2.3 nM, respectively), and acts as a full agonist at 5-HT2B and as a partial agonist at 5-HT2C, while its affinity for 5-HT2A is probably too low to be significant.
In animal studies, naphthylisopropylamine was shown to reduce cocaine self-administration, yet produced relatively weak stimulant effects when administered alone, being a (much) lesser stimulant than d-amphetamine for comparison. Further research is now being conducted in primates to see if it will be a useful substitute for treating drug addiction in humans as well.
An important observation is that in behavioral studies, rodents would consistently self-administer selective norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agents such as d-amphetamine, yet compounds that also release serotonin like naphthylisopropylamine would not be self-administered. In addition to the drugs (acute) effects on self-administration, all of the available evidence suggests that the locomotor activation caused by the majority of dopamine releasers is also dampened when the drugs also cause serotonergic release. In fact, PAL-287 causes no locomotor activation at all (although admittedly the tests were only after acute dosing).
Four (One Direction album)
Four is the fourth studio album by English-Irish boy band One Direction, released on 17 November 2014 by Columbia Records and Syco Music. Two singles were released from the album, "Steal My Girl" and "Night Changes", both achieving platinum status in the US, and scoring the band their tenth and eleventh UK top-ten hits.
The album received generally positive reviews from music critics. It debuted at number one in 18 countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. The album was also One Direction's last with member Zayn Malik, who announced he was leaving the band on 25 March 2015. In August 2015, Four became the band's fourth consecutive album to sell in excess of 1 million copies in the United States. The band became the first band to have their first four albums debut at number one in the United States.
Background and development
On 27 April 2014, it was confirmed that One Direction were working on their fourth studio album. Louis Tomlinson and Liam Payne worked on the majority of the album with songwriters Julian Bunetta, John Ryan, and Jamie Scott, but members Harry Styles and Zayn Malik also co-wrote tracks with Bunetta, Ryan, Scott and producer Johan Carlson. Niall Horan, the fifth member of One Direction, was unable to be involved in writing due to a leg injury.
Clouds (film)
Clouds is a 2000 film written and directed by Don Thompson and produced by Will Arntz.
Synopsis
Clouds tells the story of a physicist (Michael Patrick Gaffney) trying to come to terms with the cosmos, and ultimately understanding that love must be a part of any complete description of the universe.
Cast
Reception
The New York Times reviewer called Clouds "the dumbest intelligent movie I've ever seen," while Film Threat said
Despite these mixed reviews, Clouds was awarded the "Feature Film Award" at the 1999 New York International Independent Film and Video Festival and the "Premio Nuovo" at the 1999 Brooklyn International Film Festival.
References
Cloud (disambiguation)
A cloud is a visible mass of condensed droplets or frozen crystals suspended in the atmosphere.
Cloud(s) may also refer to:
Information technology
Science
Summer (Summer Watson album)
Summer is an album released by British opera soprano Summer Watson in 2003. It reached #2 on the UK classical chart.
