Bedrock

In stratigraphy, bedrock is consolidated rock underlying the surface of a terrestrial planet, usually the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered unconsolidated rock in the basal subsoil. The surface of the bedrock beneath soil cover is known as rockhead in engineering geology and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Superficial deposits (also known as drift) can be extremely thick, such that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.

Bedrock may also experience subsurface weathering at its upper boundary, forming saprolite.

A solid geologic map of an area will usually show the distribution of differing bedrock types, i.e., rock that would be exposed at the surface if all soil or other superficial deposits were removed.

Soil scientists use the capital letters O, A, B, C, and E to identify the master soil horizons, and lowercase letters for distinctions of these horizons. Most soils have three major horizons—the surface horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the substratum (C). Some soils have an organic horizon (O) on the surface, but such a horizon can also be buried. The master horizon, E, is used for subsurface horizons that have a significant loss of minerals (eluviation). Hard bedrock, which is not soil, uses the letter R.

Subsurface (album)

Subsurface is the seventh studio album by British progressive metal band Threshold. It is the last album to feature founding member and guitarist Nick Midson. The album was released in August 2004, and received an Album of the Month award in several European music magazines.

Songs on the album resume themes from earlier albums, including environmentalism and war, but also incorporating political themes.

Reception

In 2005, Subsurface was ranked number 472 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.

Track listing

Personnel

Subsurface (software)

Subsurface is a software for logging and planning scuba dives. It was initially designed and developed by Linus Torvalds and Dirk Hohndel in 2011.

Subsurface is free and open-source software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.

Overview

Until version 3.9.2, Subsurface used GTK+ for its graphical user interface and with version 4.0, Subsurface switched to Qt 4. At the LCA2014, Torvalds and Hohndel explained why they choose to re-write the GUI using Qt.

Subsurface further depends on GConf, SQLite, ATK and makes use of OpenStreetMap and/or OpenSeaMap.

Subsurface officially runs on Linux, OS X and Microsoft Windows. It is written using the POSIX API and not the Linux API, so it should be portable to any POSIX-compliant operating system.

Supported dive computers

As of release 4.2 in August 2014, Subsurface supports the downloading and processing of dive log data from the following dive computers: