Strombus

Two views of a shell of Strombus pugilis, the West Indian Fighting Conch
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Caenogastropoda clade Hypsogastropoda clade Littorinimorpha
Superfamily:	Stromboidea
Family:	Strombidae
Genus:	Strombus Linnaeus, 1758^[1]
Type species
Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758
Species
See text
Synonyms
Pyramis Röding, 1798 Strombella Schlüter, 1838

Strombus, common name the true conches, is a genus of medium to large sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Strombidae, the true conchs and their immediate relatives.

The genus Strombus was named by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. There were around 50 living species recognized, which vary in size from fairly small to very large. Six species live in the greater Caribbean region, including the Queen Conch, and the West Indian Fighting Conch, Strombus pugilis. However, since 2006, many species have now been assigned to discrete genera.^[2] These new genera are however not yet found in most textbooks, collector's guides, etc.

Worldwide, several of the larger species are economically important as food sources; these include the endangered queen conch or pink conch Strombus gigas (now usually known as Eustrombus gigas or Lobatus gigas) which very rarely also produces a pink, gem quality pearl.

In the geological past, a much larger number of species of Strombus existed.^[3] Of the living species, most are in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Many species of true conchs live on sandy bottoms among beds of sea grass in tropical waters. They eat algae and have a claw-shaped operculum.

1 Description
- 1.1 Anatomy
2 Shell description
3 Cladogram
4 Species
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

Description [link]

Anatomy [link]

Live animal of the Florida fighting conch Strombus alatus. Note the extensible snout in the foreground, and the two stalked eyes behind it

Like almost all shelled gastropods, conches have spirally constructed shells. Again, as is normally the case in many gastropods, this spiral shell growth is usually right-handed, but on very rare occasions it can be left-handed.

True conches have long eye stalks, with colorful ring-marked eyes at the tips. The shell has a long and narrow aperture, and a short siphonal canal, with another indentation near the anterior end called a stromboid notch. This notch is where one of the two eye stalks protrudes from the shell. The true conch has a foot ending in a pointed, sickle-shaped, operculum which can be dug into the substrate as part of an unusual "leaping" locomotion.

True conches grow a flared lip on their shells only upon reaching sexual maturity. This is called an alated outer lip or alation.

Conches lay eggs in long strands: the eggs are contained in twisted gelatinous tubes.^[4] Strombus moves with a leaping motion.^[5]

Shell description [link]

Strombus shells have a flaring outer lip with a notch near the anterior end called the stromboid notch through which the animal may protrude one of its stalked eyes.^[6]

Cladogram [link]

A cladogram based on sequences of nuclear histone H3 gene and mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) gene showing showing phylogenic relations of (32 analyzed) species that used to belong to the genus Strombus and Lambis:^[7]

Eastern Pacific and Atlantic

	Strombus gallus

	Strombus gigas

Strombus costatus

	Strombus raninus

	Strombus peruvianus

Strombus galeus

Strombus latus

	Strombus pugilis

	Strombus alatus

Strombus gracilior

Strobus granulatus

	Strombus bulla

	Strombus aurisdianae

Strombus vomer

	Strombus gibberulus

	Strombus luhuanus

Lambis

	Lambis chiragra

	Lambis truncata

Lambis lambis

	Strombus taurus

	Strombus sinuatus

	Strombus maculatus

	Strombus mutabilis

	Strombus microurceus

	Strombus labiatus

	Strombus fragilis

	Strombus urceus

Strombus dentatus

	Strombus canarium

	Strombus vittatus

Strombus epidromis

	Strombus fusiformis

	Strombus haemostoma

Strombus wilsoni

Species [link]

This genus of sea snails used to comprise about 50 species,^[8] 38 of them occurring in the Indo-Pacific region.^[9] Species within the genus Strombus include:

Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791^[10]
Strombus gracilior G.B. Sowerby I, 1825
Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758^[11]

Species brought into synonymy

Strombus accipiter Dillwyn, 1817 : synonym of Lobatus costatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Strombus aurisdianae Linnaeus, 1759^[12] : synonym of Euprotomus aurisdianae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus bituberculatus Lamarck, 1822 : synonym of Lobatus raninus (Gmelin, 1791)
Strombus bulla Röding, 1798^[13] : synonym of Euprotomus bulla (Röding, 1798)
Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758^[14] : synonym of Laevistrombus canarium (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus costatus aguayoi Jaume & del Valle, 1947 : synonym of Lobatus costatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Strombus decorus (Röding, 1798)^[15] : synonym of Conomurex decorus (Röding, 1798)
Strombus dehelensis ^[16] : synonym of Conomurex fasciatus (Born, 1778)
Strombus dentatus Linnaeus, 1758^[17] : synonym of Tridentarius dentatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus epidromis Linnaeus, 1758^[18] : synonym of Labiostrombus epidromis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus erythrinus is a synonym for Canarium erythrinum Dillwyn, 1817^[19]
Strombus fasciatus Born, 1778^[20] : synonym of Persististrombus latus (Gmelin, 1791)
Strombus fusiformis is a synonym for Canarium fusiforme Sowerby, 1842^[21]
Strombus gallus Linnaeus, 1758^[22] : synonym of Lobatus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus gibberulus Linnaeus, 1758^[23] : synonym of Gibberulus gibberulus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus gigas is a synonym for Eustrombus gigas L., 1758
Strombus guidoi Man in t'Veld & De Turck, 1998^[24] : synonym of Laevistrombus canarium guidoi (Man in 't Veld & De Turck, 1998)
Strombus goliath Schröter, 1805 : synonym of Lobatus goliath (Schröter, 1805)
Strombus haemastoma Sowerby, 1842^[25] : synonym of Canarium haemastoma (Sowerby II, 1842)
Strombus hickeyi Willan, 2000^[26] : synonym of Dolomena hickeyi (Willan, 2000)
Strombus inermis Swainson, 1822 : synonym of Lobatus costatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Strombus integer Swainson, 1823 : synonym of Lobatus costatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Strombus jeffersonia Van Hyning, 1945 : synonym of Lobatus costatus (Gmelin, 1791)
Strombus labiatus is a synonym for Canarium labiatum Röding, 1798^[27]
Strombus labiosus Gray in Wood, 1828^[28] : synonym of Dolomena labiosa (Wood, 1828)
Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791^[29] : synonym of Persististrombus latus (Gmelin, 1791)
Strombus lentiginosus Linnaeus, 1758^[30] : synonym of Lentigo lentiginosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus listeri Gray, 1852^[31] : synonym of Mirabilistrombus listeri (Gray, 1852)
Strombus luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758^[32] : synonym of Conomurex luhuanus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus magolecciai Macsotay & Villarroel, 2001^[33] : synonym of Lobatus magolecciai (Macsotay & Campos, 2001)
Strombus marginatus C. Linnaeus, 1758 : synonym of Margistrombus marginatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus mutabilis Swainson, 1821^[34] : synonym of Canarium mutabile (Swainson, 1821)
Strombus oldi Emerson, 1965^[35] : synonym of Tricornis oldi (Emerson, 1965)
Strombus persicus (Swainson, 1821)^[36] : synonym of Conomurex persicus (Swainson, 1821)
Strombus plicatus Röding, 1798^[37] : synonym of Dolomena plicata (Röding, 1798)
Strombus sinuatus Humphrey, 1786^[38]: synonym of Sinustrombus sinuatus ([Lightfoot], 1786)
Strombus terebellatus Sowerby, 1842^[39] : synonym of Terestrombus terebellatus (G.B. Sowerby II, 1842)
Strombus tricornis (Humphrey, 1786)^[40] : synonym of Tricornis tricornis (Lightfoot, 1786)
Strombus urceus Linnaeus, 1758^[41] : synonym of Canarium urceus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus ustulatus (Schumacher, 1817)^[42] : synonym of Canarium urceus urseus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Strombus variabilis Swainson, 1820^[43] : synonym of Dolomena variabilis (Swainson, 1820)
Strombus wilsoni Abbott, 1967^[44] : synonym of Canarium wilsonorum (Abbott, 1967)

References [link]

^ Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 742; 1767, ed. 12, 1207.
^ Latiolais J. M., Taylor M. S., Roy K. & Hellberg M. E. (2006). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 436-444. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.027.
^ See Bellsouthpwp.net, Family Strombidae
^ R. Tucker Abbott, American Seashells, New York (2d. ed., 1974) p. 143
^ Sealifebase
^ Kenneth R. Wye, The Encyclopedia of Shells, Londo, 2004, p. 70.
^ Latiolais J. M., Taylor M. S., Roy K. & Hellberg M. E. (2006). "A molecular phylogenetic analysis of strombid gastropod morphological diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 436-444. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.027. PDF.
^ Cob, Z. C. et al. (2009). "Species Description and Distribution of Strombus (Mollusca: Strombidae) in Johor Straits and its Surrounding Areas". Sains Malaysiana 38 (1): 39–46.
^ Abbott, R.T. (1960). "The genus Strombus in the Indo-pacific". Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1(2): 33-144
^ Strombus alatus Gmelin, 1791. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419694 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus pugilis Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419695 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus aurisdianae Linnaeus, 1759. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215362 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus bulla Röding, 1798. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215353 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus canarium Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215375 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus decorus (Röding, 1798). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215370 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus debelensis . Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215366 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus dentatus Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215360 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus epidromis Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456754 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus erythrinus Dillwyn, 1817. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215378 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus fasciatus Born, 1778. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215356 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus fusiformis Sowerby, 1842. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215355 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus gallus Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=458659 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus gibberulus Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215374 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus guidoi Man in t'Veld & De Turck, 1998. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=457833 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus haemastoma Sowerby, 1842. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215381 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus hickeyi Willan, 2000. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=458620 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus labiatus Röding, 1798. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215368 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus labiosus Gray in Wood, 1828. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215379 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus latus Gmelin, 1791. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224255 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus lentiginosus Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215373 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus listeri Gray, 1852. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215367 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus luhuanus Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215376 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus magolecciai Macsotay & Villarroel, 2001. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=457829 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus mutabilis Swainson, 1821. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180990 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus oldi Emerson, 1965. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215361 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus persicus (Swainson, 1821). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141572 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus plicatus Röding, 1798. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215350 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus sinuatus Humphrey, 1786. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456764 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus terebellatus Sowerby, 1842. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215354 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus tricornis (Humphrey, 1786). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215359 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus urceus Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215358 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus ustulatus (Schumacher, 1817). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215364 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus variabilis Swainson, 1820. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=456753 on 27 June 2010.
^ Strombus wilsoni Abbott, 1967. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215351 on 27 June 2010.