Spine

Spine or Spinal may refer to:

Science

Biology

Medicine

Bookbinding

Bookbinding is the process of physically assembling a book from an ordered stack of paper sheets that are folded together into sections or sometimes left as a stack of individual sheets. The stack is then bound together along one edge by either sewing with thread through the folds or by a layer of flexible adhesive. For protection, the bound stack is either wrapped in a flexible cover or attached to stiff boards. Finally, an attractive cover is adhered to the boards and a label with identifying information is attached to the covers along with additional decoration. Book artists or specialists in book decoration can greatly expand the previous explanation to include book like objects of visual art with high value and artistic merit of exceptional quality in addition to the book's content of text and illustrations.

Bookbinding is a specialized trade that relies on basic operations of measuring, cutting, and gluing. A finished book depends on a minimum of about two dozen operations to complete but sometimes more than double that according to the specific style and materials. All operations have a specific order and each one relies on accurate completion of the previous step with little room for back tracking. An extremely durable binding can be achieved by using the best hand techniques and finest materials when compared to a common publisher's binding that falls apart after normal use.

Spine (zoology)

In a zoological context, a spine is a hard, needle-like anatomical structure. Spines are found in a wide range of animals both vertebrate and invertebrate.

In most spiny mammals, the spines are modified hairs, with a spongy center covered in a thick, hard layer of keratin, and a sharp, sometimes barbed, tip.

Occurrence

Mammals

Spines in mammals include the prickles of hedgehogs and the quills of porcupines as well as the prickly fur of spiny mice and Tenrec. They are also found on Echidna, a monotreme.

The ancient precursor to mammals, Dimetrodon, had extremely long spines on their backbone that were joined together with a web of skin to form a sail-like structure.

Many mammalian species also have penile spines.

The Mesozoic eutriconodont mammal Spinolestes already displayed spines similar to those of modern spiny mice.

Fish

Spines are found in the rays of certain finned bony fishes including scorpion fish. The sting that is found in a stingray is a type of barbed spine.

Invertebrates

Pup

Pup is a name for the young of many animal species - see List of animal names.

Pup may also refer to:

Science

Aircraft

Places

People

Other uses

Pup (band)

Pup (stylized as PUP) is a Canadian punk rock band formed in Toronto, Ontario in 2013, originally under the name Topanga. Pup's debut self-titled album was released on October 8, 2013 on Royal Mountain Records. In December 2013, Pup signed with SideOneDummy Records and released their first LP in the United States on April 8, 2014. The group was in the studio in Fall of 2015 recording their highly anticipated second album.

History

Pup is made up of four childhood friends who went to elementary school together. They originally called the band Topanga (a Boy Meets World reference) but changed the name just before the release of their first record after learning that the franchise was set to be rebooted by Disney. The new name PUP is said to be an acronym for Pathetic Use of Potential. Babcock has stated that this was inspired by something that his grandmother had said to him, although there are rumours that they found inspiration for their logo from graffiti above a urinal at Sneaky Dee's.

Tau Puppis

Tau Puppis (Tau Pup, τ Puppis, τ Pup) is a star in the southern constellation of Puppis. It has an apparent visual magnitude of +2.95 and is located at a distance of about 182 light-years (56 parsecs) from Earth. This is a spectroscopic binary star system, with the presence of the secondary component being revealed by the shifts of absorption lines in the spectrum resulting from the Doppler effect. The two components orbit each other with a period of 1,066.0 days (2.9 years) and a low eccentricity of 0.090.

The primary component of this system has a stellar classification of K1 III. A luminosity class 'III' indicates this has expanded into a giant star after exhausting the supply of hydrogen at its core and evolving away from the main sequence of stars like the Sun. The interferometry-measured angular diameter of this star, after correcting for limb darkening, is 4.49 ± 0.07 mas, which, at its estimated distance, equates to a physical radius of about 27 times the radius of the Sun. It appears to be rotating slowly, with a projected rotational velocity of 2.2 km s⁻¹. This gives a lower bound on the azimuthal velocity of rotation along the star's equator. Tau Puppis is radiating energy from its outer envelope at an effective temperature of around 4,500, giving it the orange hue of a cool, K-type star.