A sonatina is literally a small sonata. As a musical term, sonatina has no single strict definition; it is rather a title applied by the composer to a piece that is in basic sonata form, but is shorter, lighter in character, or more elementary technically than a typical sonata. ^[1] The term has been in use at least since the late baroque; there is a one-page, one-movement harpsichord piece by Handel called "Sonatina".^[2] It is most often applied to solo keyboard works, but a number of composers have written sonatinas for violin and piano (see list under Violin sonata), e.g. Sonatina in G major for Violin and Piano by Antonín Dvořák, and occasionally for other instruments, e.g. the Clarinet Sonatina by Malcolm Arnold.

Like many musical terms, sonatina is used inconsistently. The most common meaning is a short, easy sonata suitable for students, such as the piano sonatinas of Clementi. However, by no means are all sonatinas technically undemanding, for example the virtuoso sonatinas of Busoni and Alkan, and the Sonatine of Ravel, whose title reflects its neo-classical quality. On the other hand, some sonatas could equally as well have been called sonatinas: for example Beethoven's Op. 49, titled by the composer "Zwei Leichte Sonaten für das Pianoforte" ("Two Easy Sonatas for Piano") comprise only two short movements each, a sonata-allegro and a short rondo (No. 1) or minuet (No. 2), all well within the grasp of the intermediate student. Other works indeed titled "Sonatina" are attributed to Beethoven, like the Sonatina in F major, however.

In general, a sonatina will have one or more of the following characteristics: brevity; fewer movements than the four of the late classical sonata; technical simplicity; a lighter, less serious character; and (in post-romantic music) a neo-classical style or a reference to earlier music. Muzio Clementi's sonatinas op. 36 are very popular among students.

The first (or only) movement is generally in an abbreviated sonata form, with little or no development of the themes. For this reason, a sonatina is sometimes defined, especially in British usage, as a short piece in sonata form in which the development section is quite perfunctory or entirely absent:^[3] the exposition is followed immediately by a brief bridge passage to modulate back to the home key for the recapitulation. Subsequent movements (at most two) may be in any of the common forms: e.g. a minuet or scherzo, a slow theme-and-variations, or a rondo.

Significant Composers of Sonatinas for Solo Piano [link]

• Charles Valentin Alkan
• Béla Bartók
• Ludwig van Beethoven
• Alexander Borodin
• Ferruccio Busoni
• Muzio Clementi
• Anton Diabelli
• Jan Ladislav Dussek
• Zdeněk Fibich
• Stephen Heller
• Aram Khachaturian
• Charles Kœchlin
• Friedrich Kuhlau
• Heinrich Lichner
• Frank Lynes
• Maurice Ravel
• Jean Sibelius
• Fritz Spindler
• George Frideric Handel

References [link]

1. ^ Collins Music Encyclopedia (1959: William Collins & Co. Ltd.): sonatina
2. ^ Oxford Companion to Music by Percy A. Scholes (1938, 1978 et al.).: O.U.P.: sonatina.
3. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica Online: sonata