Slavic vocabulary

The following list is a comparison of basic Proto-Slavic vocabulary and the corresponding reflexes in the modern languages, for assistance in understanding the discussion in Proto-Slavic and History of the Slavic languages. The word list is based on the Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, a tool to study the evolution of languages via comparison, containing a set of 207 basic words which can be found in every language and are rarely borrowed. However, the words given as the modern versions are not necessarily the normal words with the given meaning in the various modern languages, but the words directly descended from the corresponding Proto-Slavic word (the reflex). The list here is given both in the orthography of each language, with accent marks added as necessary to aid in pronunciation and Proto-Slavic reconstruction. See below for a capsule summary of how to pronounce each language, as well as some discussion of the conventions used.

Table

Slavic

Slav, Slavic or Slavonic may refer to:

See also

Slavic languages

The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the Indo-European languages native to the Slavic peoples, originary from Eastern Europe. They are believed to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic spoken during the Early Middle Ages, which in turn would descend from the earlier Proto-Balto-Slavic language, connecting the Slavic languages to the Baltic languages as the Balto-Slavic group of the Indo-European family.

The Slavic languages are divided intro three subgroups: East, West and South, which together constitute more than twenty languages. Of these, ten have at least one million speakers and official status as the national languages of their countries: Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian (of the East group), Polish, Czech and Slovak (of the West group) and Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian and Bulgarian (of the South group).

The current geographic distribution of natively spoken Slavic languages covers Eastern Europe, the Balkans, Eastern parts of Central Europe and all of the territory of Russia, which includes Northern and Central-North Asia. Furthermore, the diasporas of many Slavic peoples stablished isolated minorities of speakers of their languages all around the globe. According to sources, the number of speakers of all Slavic languages together is around 315 million.

Code page 852

Code page 852 (also known as CP 852, IBM 00852, OEM 852 (Latin II), MS-DOS Latin 2) is a code page used under MS-DOS to write Central European languages that use Latin script (such as Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Serbian or Slovak).

Note that code page 852 (MS-DOS Latin 2) is very different from ISO/IEC 8859-2 (ISO Latin-2), although both are informally referred to as "Latin-2" in different language regions.

Some of the box drawing characters of the original DOS code page 437 were sacrificed in order to put in more accented letters (all printable characters from ISO 8859-2 are included). These changes caused display glitches in MS-DOS applications that made use of the box drawing characters to display a GUI-like surface in text mode (e.g. Norton Commander). Several local encodings were invented to avoid the problem, for example the Kamenický encoding for Czech and Slovak.

Code page layout

The following table shows code page 852. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point and its decimal code point. Only the second half of the table (code points 128–255) is shown, the first half (code points 0–127) being the same as ASCII; although code points 1–31 and 127 (00–1F_hex) have a different interpretation in some circumstances – see code page 437.

Vocabulary

A person's vocabulary is the set of words within a language that are familiar to that person. A vocabulary usually develops with age, and serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning a second language.

Definition and usage

Vocabulary is commonly defined as "all the words known and used by a particular person".Knowing a word, however, is not as simple as merely being able to recognize or use it. There are several aspects of word knowledge that are used to measure word knowledge.

Productive and receptive

The first major distinction that must be made when evaluating word knowledge is whether the knowledge is productive (also called achieve) or receptive (also called receive); even within those opposing categories, there is often no clear distinction. Words that are generally understood when heard or read or seen constitute a person's receptive vocabulary. These words may range from well-known to barely known (see degree of knowledge below). A person's receptive vocabulary is the larger of the two. For example, although a young child may not yet be able to speak, write, or sign, he or she may be able to follow simple commands and appear to understand a good portion of the language to which he or she is exposed. In this case, the child's receptive vocabulary is likely tens, if not hundreds of words, but his or her active vocabulary is zero. When that child learns to speak or sign, however, the child's active vocabulary begins to increase. It is also possible for the productive vocabulary to be larger than the receptive vocabulary, for example in a second-language learner who has learned words through study rather than exposure, and can produce them, but has difficulty recognizing them in conversation.

Vocabulary (album)

Vocabulary is the debut album of British new wave group Europeans. It was released on LP in September 1983; no CD version is available yet.

Track listing

All tracks written by Dugmore/Harper/Hogarth/Woore.

Personnel

External links