Work (electrical)

Electrical work is the work done on a charged particle by an electric field. The equation for 'electrical' work is equivalent to that of 'mechanical' work:

where

The electrical work per unit of charge, when moving a negligible test charge between two points, is defined as the voltage between those points.

Overview

Qualitative overview

Particles that are free to move, if positively charged, normally tend towards regions of lower voltage (net negative charge), while if negatively charged they tend to shift towards regions of higher voltage (net positive charge).

However, any movement of a positive charge into a region of higher voltage requires external work to be done against the field of the electric force, work equal to that electric field would do in moving that positive charge the same distance in the opposite direction. Similarly, it requires positive external work to transfer a negatively charged particle from a region of higher voltage to a region of lower voltage.

The electric force is a conservative force: work done by a static electric field is independent of the path taken by the charge. There is no change in the voltage (electric potential) around any closed path; when returning to the starting point in a closed path, the net of the external work done is zero. The same holds for electric fields.

Work of art

A work of art, artwork, art piece, piece of art or art object is an aesthetic physical item or artistic creation. Apart from "work of art", which may be used of any work regarded as art in its widest sense, including works from literature and music, these terms apply principally to tangible, portable forms of visual art:

Used more broadly, the term is less commonly applied to:

Work (Rihanna song)

"Work" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her eighth studio album, Anti (2016). The song features a verse by Canadian rapper Drake. The artists co-wrote the single with PartyNextDoor, Allen Ritter, Rupert Thomas, R. Stephenson, Monte Moir, and Boi-1da; the latter is also the producer.

Upon its release, "Work" received mixed reviews from music critics. The song debuted at number nine and has so far peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Rihanna's 27th and Drake's 15th top ten entry on the chart. It has also peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, Canada, France, Hungary, Spain, and the United Kingdom.

Writing and development

"Work" was written by the artists, PartyNextDoor, Allen Ritter, Rupert "Sevn" Thomas, Monte Moir, R. Stephenson, and Boi-1da; the latter is also the producer. In the summer of 2015, Thomas, Ritter, Boi-1da and Martin Mason among others, stayed at Drake house in Los Angeles for a mid-week period. Thomas described the time spent at the home as a "beat factory, everyone was sitting there working and collaborating with each other." Thomas created a beat which was dancehall-influenced; he later played it for Boi-1da to which he positively responded, "We’re both Jamaican-Canadian. It was just something in our DNA, so it woke him up, and we started remembering all these old dancehall songs from the '90s." Boi-1da came with up idea for sampling an "old school dancehall rhythm" and after that the chords were made with Ritter and past it, "everything went organically".

Sex (The 1975 song)

"Sex" is a song by English indie rock band The 1975, originally included as the third track on their second extended play of the same name, Sex. It was released as a single on 19 November 2012. The song was released to modern rock radio in the United States as a single in promotion of the EP on 5 March 2013, peaking at number 35 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. It also peaked at number 23 on the UK Indie Chart.

"Sex" was re-recorded by the band in 2013 for their debut studio album The 1975, in which it was included as the fifth track on the album. On 8 July 2013, the album version of the song premiered on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show as his "Hottest Record in the World". It was released as a digital single on 23 August 2013 and debuted at number 34 on the UK Singles Chart on 1 September.

Music videos

An official music video for the EP version of "Sex", shot in black-and-white, was uploaded to YouTube on 5 October 2012. On 26 July 2013, a music video for the album version of the song was released, noteworthy for being the band's first music video to be rendered in color.

Sex (boutique)

Sex was a boutique run by Malcolm McLaren and Vivienne Westwood at 430 King's Road, London between 1974 and 1976. It specialized in clothing that defined the look of the punk movement.

Early History

In October 1971, Malcolm McLaren and a friend from art school, Patrick Casey, opened a stall in the back of the Paradise Garage boutique at 430 King's Road in London's Chelsea district. On sale were items collected by McLaren over the previous year, including rock & roll records, magazines, clothing and memorabilia from the 1950s. From 1969-70, no 430 was the premises of Mr Freedom.

Trevor Myles (who ran Paradise Garage), relinquished the entire premises to McLaren and Casey in November 1971. They renamed the shop Let It Rock with stock including second-hand and new Teddy Boy clothes designed by McLaren's school teacher girlfriend Vivienne Westwood. The shop-front corrugated iron frontage was painted black with the name pasted in pink lettering. The interior was given period detail, such as "Odeon" wallpaper and Festival of Britain trinkets. Bespoke tailored drape jackets, skin-tight trousers, and thick-soled "brothel creepers" shoes were the mainstays. Let It Rock was soon covered in the London Evening Standard. In 1973 the outlet interior was changed and the shop was given a new name, Too Fast To Live, Too Young To Die, to reflect a new range of clothing from Britain's early 1960s "rocker" fashions. In the spring of 1974 the shop underwent another refurbishment and was rebranded with the name Sex.

Sex (The Necks album)

Sex is the debut album by Australian improvised music trio, The Necks, originally released on the Spiral Scratch label and later rereleased on Fish of Milk and Private Music in the US. The album features a single track of just under an hour in length performed by Chris Abrahams, Lloyd Swanton and Tony Buck improvising over a two-bar motif. On this album the band overdubbed the instrumentation of piano, bass and drums in a dual take creating a "hypnotic repetitive piece".

The album is also an early example of the CD format being used to expand the length of recorded performances with one reviewer noting that "time limitations and format restrictions of cassettes, vinyl, and the obtuse eight-track would have meant that their work could only be experienced live".

Excerpts from Sex have been used as the theme music on Dan Bodah's Airborne Event show on the WFMU freeform radio station.

Personnel

References