Sail
A sail is a catchment device designed to receive and redirect a force upon a generous surface area. Traditionally, the surface was engineered of woven fabric and supported by a mast, whose purpose is to propel a sailing vessel. Sails may be configured in many ways to include traditionally understood maritime purposes, as well as land vehicles and solar collection purposes. The rich encyclopedic history of maritime sails suggests alternative uses of the technology well documented.
History of sails
Archaeological studies of the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture ceramics show use of sailing boats from the sixth millennium onwards. Excavations of the Ubaid period (c. 6000 -4300 BC) in Mesopotamia provides direct evidence of sailing boats. Sails from ancient Egypt are depicted around 3200 BCE, where reed boats sailed upstream against the River Nile's current. Ancient Sumerians used square rigged sailing boats at about the same time, and it is believed they established sea trading routes as far away as the Indus valley. The proto-Austronesian words for sail, lay(r), and other rigging parts date to about 3000 BCE when this group began their Pacific expansion.Greeks and Phoenicians began trading by ship by around 1,200 BCE.
Sail (Lake District)
Sail is a hill in the English Lake District, lying between Derwentwater and Crummock Water.
Topography
The North Western Fells occupy the area between the rivers Derwent and Cocker, a broadly oval swathe of hilly country, elongated on a north-south axis. Two roads cross from east to west, dividing the fells into three convenient groups. The central sector, rising between Whinlatter Pass and Newlands Pass, includes Sail. The highest ground in the North Western Fells is an east-west ridge in this central sector, beginning with Grasmoor above Crummock Water and then gradually descending eastwards over Crag Hill, Sail, Scar Crags and Causey Pike.
Sail is in every sense a satellite of Crag Fell, although having sufficient prominence to be listed as a Hewitt. From the summit of Crag Hill the eastward ridge narrows between opposing walls of crag. This rocky crest is The Scar, the depression being at around 2,425 ft. The roughness decreases as the rounded top of Sail is reached, and the ridge then turns east north east. A further depression at 2,015 ft leads to the summit of Scar Crags. This col is unnamed on maps of the Ordnance Survey, but Alfred Wainwright termed it Sail Pass in his influential Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells
Sail (anatomy)
A sail is a large, flattish protrusion from the back of an animal colinear with the spine. Many extinct species of amphibians and reptiles have very extended neural spines growing from their back vertebrae. These are thought to have supported a sail. Paleontologists have proposed many ways in which the sail could have functioned in life.
Function
Many suggestions have been made for the function of the sail. The consensus amongst modern scholars is that, at least for the pelycosaurs, the sail was used for thermoregulation.
Thermoregulation
The structure may have been used for thermoregulation. The base of the spines have a channel which it is proposed contained a blood vessel supplying abundant blood to the sail. The animal could have used the sail's large surface area to absorb heat from the sun in the morning. As ectotherms they required heat from an external source before their muscles would start to function properly. A predator would thus have an advantage over its slower moving prey. The sail could be used in reverse if the animal was overheating. By standing in the shade, the sail would radiate heat outwards.
Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus
Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus is a double album released on June 26, 2007 by Walt Disney Records and Hollywood Records. The first disc serves as the soundtrack album for the second season of the television series Hannah Montana, while the second disc serves as the debut studio album by its primary actress Miley Cyrus. All twenty tracks are performed by Cyrus, although the first disc is credited to her titular character Hannah Montana. In the vein of the original soundtrack Hannah Montana (2006), The lyrical themes revolve largely around "girl power", teen romance, and the double life that Cyrus' character lives on the program.
Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus received generally mixed reviews from music critics, who were ambivalent towards its overall production and questioned Cyrus' ability to establish a career separate from the series. It debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 with first-week sales of 325,000 copies, and has since been certified quadruple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for exceeding shipments of four million units. The album charted moderately on national record charts throughout Europe and Oceania, appearing in the top-twenty in several countries. It received a multi-platinum certification in Canada, single-platinum certifications in Australia and Sweden, and gold certifications in Mexico, Spain, and the United Kingdom and Sold more than 10 million .
Rockstar (drink)
Rockstar (branded ROCKST★R) is an energy drink created in 2001. With 14% of the US market in 2008, Rockstar is a leading energy drink brand. Rockstar is based in Las Vegas, Nevada. As of January 2013, Rockstar Energy Drink is available in more than twenty flavors, and is in more than thirty countries.
History
Founded in 1998 by Russell Weiner, the son of conservative talkshow host Michael Savage, Rockstar launched into the fastest-growing segment of the US beverage market at the time: energy drinks. In addition to featuring different ingredients, which it claimed were "scientifically formulated to speed the recovery time of those who lead active and exhausting lifestyles—from athletes to rock stars," Rockstar sought to differentiate itself from the market leader, Red Bull, by using a 16 oz can size (against Red Bull's 8 oz can) and marketing itself as "twice the size of Red Bull for the same price!"
By 2007, Rockstar was one of the top three energy drink brands in North America, (having enjoyed a 155% growth in sales in 2004, reaching $48 million) and had sold over a billion cans. It had 14% of the US energy drink market in 2008, and as of 2009 was available in over 20 countries, in addition to the United States. Rockstar switched distributors from Coca-Cola to PepsiCo in the summer of 2009.
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