| S-antigen; retina and pineal gland (arrestin) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||||||
| Symbols | SAG; RP47; S-AG | ||||||||||||
| External IDs | OMIM: 181031 MGI: 98227 HomoloGene: 455 GeneCards: SAG Gene | ||||||||||||
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| RNA expression pattern | |||||||||||||
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| More reference expression data | |||||||||||||
| Orthologs | |||||||||||||
| Species | Human | Mouse | |||||||||||
| Entrez | 6295 | 20215 | |||||||||||
| Ensembl | ENSG00000130561 | ENSMUSG00000056055 | |||||||||||
| UniProt | P10523 | P20443 | |||||||||||
| RefSeq (mRNA) | NM_000541.4 | NM_009118.2 | |||||||||||
| RefSeq (protein) | NP_000532.2 | NP_033144.1 | |||||||||||
| Location (UCSC) | Chr 2: 234.22 – 234.26 Mb |
Chr 1: 89.7 – 89.74 Mb |
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| PubMed search | [1] | [2] | |||||||||||
S-arrestin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SAG gene.[1][2]
Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G-protein-coupled receptors and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals. S-arrestin, also known as S-antigen, is a major soluble photoreceptor protein that is involved in desensitization of the photoactivated transduction cascade. It is expressed in the retina and the pineal gland and inhibits coupling of rhodopsin to transducin in vitro. Additionally, S-arrestin is highly antigenic, and is capable of inducing experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Mutations in this gene have been associated with Oguchi disease, a rare autosomal recessive form of night blindness.[2]
References [link]
- ^ Yamaki K, Tsuda M, Kikuchi T, Chen KH, Huang KP, Shinohara T (Jan 1991). "Structural organization of the human S-antigen gene. cDNA, amino acid, intron, exon, promoter, in vitro transcription, retina, and pineal gland". J Biol Chem 265 (34): 20757–62. PMID 2249983.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: SAG S-antigen; retina and pineal gland (arrestin)". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6295.
Further reading [link]
- Ghalayini AJ, Anderson RE (1992). "Activation of bovine rod outer segment phospholipase C by arrestin". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (25): 17977–82. PMID 1325454.
- Huang SK, Klein DC, Korf HW (1992). "Immunocytochemical demonstration of rod-opsin, S-antigen, and neuron-specific proteins in the human pineal gland". Cell Tissue Res. 267 (3): 493–8. DOI:10.1007/BF00319371. PMID 1533347.
- Palczewski K, Pulvermüller A, Buczyłko J, Hofmann KP (1991). "Phosphorylated rhodopsin and heparin induce similar conformational changes in arrestin". J. Biol. Chem. 266 (28): 18649–54. PMID 1917988.
- Palczewski K, McDowell JH, Jakes S, et al. (1989). "Regulation of rhodopsin dephosphorylation by arrestin". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (27): 15770–3. PMID 2550422.
- Yamaki K, Tsuda M, Shinohara T (1988). "The sequence of human retinal S-antigen reveals similarities with alpha-transducin". FEBS Lett. 234 (1): 39–43. DOI:10.1016/0014-5793(88)81298-5. PMID 3164688.
- Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, et al. (1995). "Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence" (PDF). Nature 377 (6547 Suppl): 3–174. PMID 7566098. https://www.columbia.edu/itc/biology/pollack/w4065/client_edit/readings/nature377_3.pdf.
- Fuchs S, Nakazawa M, Maw M, et al. (1995). "A homozygous 1-base pair deletion in the arrestin gene is a frequent cause of Oguchi disease in Japanese". Nat. Genet. 10 (3): 360–2. DOI:10.1038/ng0795-360. PMID 7670478.
- Calabrese G, Sallese M, Stornaiuolo A, et al. (1995). "Chromosome mapping of the human arrestin (SAG), beta-arrestin 2 (ARRB2), and beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2 (ADRBK2) genes". Genomics 23 (1): 286–8. DOI:10.1006/geno.1994.1497. PMID 7695743.
- Diviani D, Lattion AL, Larbi N, et al. (1996). "Effect of different G protein-coupled receptor kinases on phosphorylation and desensitization of the alpha1B-adrenergic receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (9): 5049–58. DOI:10.1074/jbc.271.9.5049. PMID 8617782.
- Yamamoto S, Sippel KC, Berson EL, Dryja TP (1997). "Defects in the rhodopsin kinase gene in the Oguchi form of stationary night blindness". Nat. Genet. 15 (2): 175–8. DOI:10.1038/ng0297-175. PMID 9020843.
- Sippel KC, DeStefano JD, Berson EL, Dryja TP (1998). "Evaluation of the human arrestin gene in patients with retinitis pigmentosa and stationary night blindness". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39 (3): 665–70. PMID 9501883.
- Andersen PS, Lavoie PM, Sékaly RP, et al. (1999). "Role of the T cell receptor alpha chain in stabilizing TCR-superantigen-MHC class II complexes". Immunity 10 (4): 473–83. DOI:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80047-3. PMID 10229190.
- Lee KB, Ptasienski JA, Bunemann M, Hosey MM (2000). "Acidic amino acids flanking phosphorylation sites in the M2 muscarinic receptor regulate receptor phosphorylation, internalization, and interaction with arrestins". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (46): 35767–77. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M002225200. PMID 10952973.
- Wistow G, Bernstein SL, Wyatt MK, et al. (2002). "Expressed sequence tag analysis of human retina for the NEIBank Project: retbindin, an abundant, novel retinal cDNA and alternative splicing of other retina-preferred gene transcripts". Mol. Vis. 8: 196–204. PMID 12107411.
- Zhu X, Li A, Brown B, et al. (2002). "Mouse cone arrestin expression pattern: light induced translocation in cone photoreceptors". Mol. Vis. 8: 462–71. PMID 12486395.
- Zhang H, Cuenca N, Ivanova T, et al. (2003). "Identification and light-dependent translocation of a cone-specific antigen, cone arrestin, recognized by monoclonal antibody 7G6". Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44 (7): 2858–67. DOI:10.1167/iovs.03-0072. PMID 12824223.
- Chuang JZ, Vega C, Jun W, Sung CH (2004). "Structural and functional impairment of endocytic pathways by retinitis pigmentosa mutant rhodopsin-arrestin complexes". J. Clin. Invest. 114 (1): 131–40. DOI:10.1172/JCI200421136. PMC 437971. PMID 15232620. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=437971.
- Nakamura M, Yamamoto S, Okada M, et al. (2004). "Novel mutations in the arrestin gene and associated clinical features in Japanese patients with Oguchi's disease". Ophthalmology 111 (7): 1410–4. DOI:10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.11.006. PMID 15234147.
- Saga M, Mashima Y, Kudoh J, et al. (2004). "Gene analysis and evaluation of the single founder effect in Japanese patients with Oguchi disease". Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 48 (4): 350–2. DOI:10.1007/s10384-004-0070-2. PMID 15295660.
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https://wn.com/SAG_(gene)
SAG
SAG is the acronym for:
- Screen Actors Guild Awards (also known as the SAG Award)
SAg is the abbreviation for:
Sag (or Sâg, Șag, Šag) may refer to:
Voltage sag
A voltage sag (U.S. English) or voltage dip (British English) is a short duration reduction in rms voltage which can be caused by a short circuit, overload or starting of electric motors. A voltage sag happens when the rms voltage decreases between 10 and 90 percent of nominal voltage for one-half cycle to one minute. Some references defines the duration of a sag for a period of 0.5 cycle to a few seconds, and longer duration of low voltage would be called a "sustained sag".
Related notions
The term "sag" should not be confused with brownout which is the reduction of voltage for minutes or hours.
The term "transient" as used in power quality is an umbrella term and can refer to sags, but also to swells, dropouts etc.
Swell
Voltage swell is the opposite of voltage sag. Voltage swell, which is a momentary increase in voltage, happens when a heavy load turns off in a power system.
Causes
There are several factors which cause a voltage sag to happen:
Sag (geology)
In geology a sag, or trough, is a depressed, persistent, low area; the opposite of an arch, or ridge, a raised, persistent, high area. The terms sag and arch were used historically to describe very large features, for example, characterizing North America as two arches with a sag between them.
Also, a sag is a former river bed which has been partially filled with debris from glaciation or other natural processes but which is still visible in the surface terrain. Sags formed by the former river beds of large rivers often become the valleys of smaller streams after a change of course by the main river.
Examples of sags include the former continuations of the Grand, Moreau and White rivers in South Dakota in the United States. Before the last ice age these rivers continued eastward past their current confluences with the present course of Missouri River. The sags are prominently visible on the plateau of the Coteau du Missouri, allowing small streams to drain into the Missouri from its eastern side.
Gene
A gene is a locus (or region) of DNA that encodes a functional RNA or protein product, and is the molecular unit of heredity. The transmission of genes to an organism's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits. Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes (many different genes) as well as the gene–environment interactions. Some genetic traits are instantly visible, such as eye colour or number of limbs, and some are not, such as blood type, risk for specific diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that comprise life.
Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.
Eugene (given name)
Eugene is a common (masculine) first name that comes from the Greek εὐγενής (eugenēs), "noble", literally "well-born", from εὖ (eu), "well" and γένος (genos), "race, stock, kin".Gene is a common shortened form. The feminine variant is Eugenia or Eugénie.
Male foreign-language variants include:
Notable people
Christianity
Military
Gene (novel)
Gene is a thriller novel by Stel Pavlou (born 1970), published in 2005 in England by Simon & Schuster. It is published in several languages with some title changes. The Italian edition has the title La Conspirazione del Minotauro (The Minotaur Conspiracy). The novel is about a fictional New York detective, James North, who in the process of hunting down a criminal, uncovers a genetics experiment to unlock past lives through genetic memory, therefore achieving a kind of immortality. In so doing North discovers his own origins, that of a soldier from the Trojan War who is reincarnated seven times through history, forced to confront his nemesis each time, all for the loss of his one true love.
Characters
Cyclades (born circa 1300 BC)
Incarnations of Cyclades
Athanatos (born circa 1500 BC)
Incarnations of Athanatos
