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Traffic congestion may be a contributing factor to driver frustration and road rage.

Road rage is an aggressive or angry behavior by a driver of an automobile or other motor vehicle. Such behavior might include rude gestures, verbal insults, deliberately driving in an unsafe or threatening manner, or making threats. Road rage can lead to altercations, assaults, and collisions which result in injuries and even deaths. It can be thought of as an extreme case of aggressive driving.

The term originated in the United States during the 1980s, specifically from Newscasters at KTLA, a local television station in Los Angeles, California. The term originated in 1987-1988, when a rash of freeway shootings occurred on the 405, 110 and 10 freeways in Los Angeles. These shooting sprees even spawned a response from the AAA Motor Club to its members on how to respond to drivers with road rage or aggressive maneuvers and gestures.^[1]

Manifestation [link]

Clogged streets in Bangkok

The following are common manifestations of road rage:

• Generally aggressive driving, including sudden acceleration, braking, and close tailgating.
• Cutting others off in a lane, or deliberately preventing someone from merging.
• Chasing other motorists
• Flashing lights and/or sounding the horn excessively.
• Yelling or exhibiting disruptive behavior at roadside establishments.
• Driving at high speeds in the median of a highway to terrify drivers in both lanes.
• Rude gestures (such as "the finger").
• Shouting verbal abuses or threats.
• Intentionally causing a collision between vehicles.
• Hitting other vehicles.
• Assaulting other motorists, their passengers, cyclists or pedestrians
• Exiting the car to attempt to start confrontations, including striking other vehicles with an object.
• Threatening to use or using a firearm or other deadly weapon.
• Throwing projectiles from a moving vehicle with the intent of damaging other vehicles.

In the U.S., more than 300 cases of road rage annually have ended with serious injuries or even fatalities – 1200 incidents per year, according to the AAA Foundation study, and rising yearly throughout the six years of the study that examined police records nationally.^[2]

Legal status [link]

A traffic jam in Poland.

In some jurisdictions there may be a legal difference between "road rage" and "aggressive driving." In the U.S., only a few states have enacted special aggressive driving laws, where road rage cases are normally prosecuted as assault and battery (with or without a vehicle), or "vehicular homicide" (if someone is killed).

Road rage as a medical condition [link]

As early as 1997, therapists in the United States were working to certify road rage as a medical condition. It is not an official mental disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. According to an article published by the Associated Press in June 2006, the behaviors typically associated with road rage are the result of intermittent explosive disorder. This conclusion was drawn from surveys of some 9,200 adults in the United States between 2001 and 2003 and was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health.^[3] The cause of intermittent explosive disorder has not been described to date. There are differing views on whether or not "road rage" is a mental issue. Regardless of whether it is or not, there are alternative solutions for overcoming this handicap.^{[citation needed]}

Penalties [link]

Road rage is a relatively serious act: It may be seen as an endangerment of public safety. It is, however, not always possible to judge intent by external observation, so "road ragers" who are stopped by police may be charged with other offences such as careless or reckless driving.^[4][5][6] In some jurisdictions, such as the American Commonwealth of Virginia, it is easier to prosecute road rage as reckless driving instead of aggressive driving simply because the burden of proof does not require "intent" to successfully convict.

It is likely that those causing serious injury or death during "road rage" incidents will suffer more serious penalties than those applicable to similar outcomes from simple negligence. In April 2007, a Colorado driver was convicted of first-degree murder for causing the deaths of two motorists in November 2005.^[7][8] He will serve a mandatory sentence of two consecutive life terms.

Fourteen U.S. states have passed laws against aggressive driving. Only one state, California, has turned "road rage" into a legal term of art by giving it a particular meaning.^[9] It is worth noting, however, that in Virginia aggressive driving is punished as a lesser crime (Class 2 misdemeanour) than reckless driving (Class 1 misdemeanour).

In New Zealand, road rage is not a specific offence. This means road rage incidents are recorded as "assaults" on police statistics. There are no laws against menacingly chasing another motorist or ramming their vehicles off the road. Road rage drivers are neither disqualified nor have their vehicles forfeited or destroyed on order of the courts for any offence committed in such acts and furthermore the Police do not regard road rage complaints as a priority, however in the case of serious injury or death, charges of attempted murder or even manslaughter will apply.

In New South Wales, Australia, road rage is considered an extremely serious act, Any person who chases another motorist or shows intimidating and/or bullying towards another road user can be charged with predatory driving, a serious offence that can leave the culprit in jail for up to 5 years, fined AU$100,000, and be disqualified from driving regardless of whether or not the "road rager" intended to physically harm their victim or not. If the predatory driving results in a physical assault or harm and/or the victim's car was intentionally damaged, the penalties can be much more severe.

Additionally, most common law countries prohibit common assault, which could apply to road rage where the personal safety of the victim is seen to be threatened. The common law regards assault as both a criminal and civil matter, leading to both public criminal penalties and private civil liabilities.

In the UK, road rage can result in criminal penalties for assault or more serious offences against the person. The Public Order Act 1986 can also apply to road rage. Sections 4A and 5 of the 1986 Act prohibit public acts likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress. Section 4 also prohibits threatening, abusive or insulting words or behaviour with intent to cause a victim to believe that violence will be used against himself or another.^[10]

U.S. rankings [link]

A 2007 study of the largest U.S. metropolitan areas concluded that the cities with the least courteous drivers (most road rage) are Miami, Phoenix, New York, Los Angeles, and Boston. The cities with the most courteous drivers (least road rage) are Minneapolis, Nashville, St. Louis, Seattle, and Atlanta.^[11]

In spite of this, in 2009, New York, Dallas/Fort Worth, Detroit, Atlanta and Minneapolis/St. Paul were rated the top five "Road Rage Capitals" of the United States.^[12]

See also [link]

• Rage (emotion)
• Air rage
• Bike rage
• Computer rage
• Wrap rage
• Roid Rage
• Motor Mania

Footnotes [link]

Sources [link]

• Controlling Road Rage: A Literature Review and Pilot Study Prepared for The AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety By Daniel B. Rathbone, Ph.D. Jorg C. Huckabee, MSCE June 9, 1999
• Road Rage: Causes and Dangers of Aggressive Driving (transcript of a portion of the official hearing record of the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure – 1997)
• Summary Table on Aggressive Driving Laws, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
• Safer driving through reflective thinking – Redshaw, Sarah (2001), Drivers.com
• Survey of the States – Speeding, Governors Highway Safety Association
• Aggressive Driving Prevention, United States Army Victory Corps
• Senior Citizen Driving: Warning Signs and Helping an Unsafe Driver to Stop Driving, HelpGuide.org
• Whitlock, F.A., 1971, Death on the Road: A Study in Social Violence, London: Tavistock.

Further reading [link]

• Eberle, Paul (2006). Terror on the Highway. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-379-1. 
• Larson, John (1997). Steering Clear of Highway Madness. Wilsonville: Bookpartners. ISBN 1-885221-38-X. 

External links [link]

• Extensive data regarding road rage and driving behavior can be found at the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) website.
• Mobility without Mayhem: Safety, Cars, and Citizenship, by Jeremy Packer. This book contains a chapter about road rage.